Ivydene Gardens Plants: |
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If a plant is polinated by a bee, then it is not wind-pollinated. This means that the plants mentioned on this page and in the book "Garden Plants Valuable to Bees" (written by the International Bee Research Association) will be suitable for people who suffer from hay fever. You can compare the flower colour of the bee-pollinated plants with all the other bee-pollinated plants (who have Plant Description Pages in this website) using the Bee-pollinated 12 colours of Bloom in each Month Gallery. There are also 218 additional bee-pollinated plants (who may not have any Plant Description Page in this website) in the 12 colours per month pages of the Bee-pollinated Index Gallery. The importance of garden plants yielding nectar and pollen is that together they provide a continuous food supply - from willows and crocuses in early spring to ivy in late autumn. Colonies of bees need food through their active season , so that they can develop and rear new bees. This food supply used to be provided by pastures that came into flower before they were cut, by verges and hedgerows, and by abundant weeds. Nowadays the efficiency of agriculture has greatly reduced these resources for the bees. The list for gardens exclude most crop plants, most fruits and all very invasive plants that are difficult to control. It is designed for Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands. "Ordinary garden soil" is pH 5-7 and contains some humus-forming material. |
The report below details which plants in Greater San Francisco Bay Area Region of the USA were visited by each different bee family; and therefore will aid you in selection of plants that are bee-pollinated rather than wind-pollinated, besides the ones that I have listed in my table below:- RECORD OF NATIVE BEES FOUND IN THE GREATER SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA REGION, WITH SOME OF THEIR LIKELY PLANT HOSTS Compiled by Laura Arneson |
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Road Noise, Airport Noise, Industrial Units and Railway Noise next to gardens is detrimental to humans living in those houses within those gardens. There are 4 methods commonly used for sound attenuation (the reduction of intensity of outdoor sounds before they reach the receiver) :-
If the house owner has a noise problem from outside their property, then they can use the same solution as above using 1, 2, 3 and 4 only. Their sheds and storage facilities can be installed in area 4 with path 3. leading to them. |
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Single flowered cultivars (some are marked as 'Single Flowers') are more useful to bees than double flowered cultivars.
The list is sorted in the following table under the height of plant range:-
The final column shows the value of the plant to bees (honeybees and hive bees):
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Plant Name with link to mail-order nursery in UK / Europe |
Common Name |
Flowering Months of Plant Named but not "and it's cultivars" |
Flowering Colour of Plant Named but not "and it's cultivars" |
Height x Spread in inches (cms). |
Plant Type |
Comment |
N for Nectar |
Acer campestre |
Maple |
May-Jun |
|
180 x 120 (450 x 300) |
|
N P |
|
Acer capillipes |
|
|
|
360 x 300 (900 x 750) |
|
|
N P |
Acer griseum |
|
|
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
|
N P |
Acer negundo 'Flamingo' |
|
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
|
N P |
Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum' |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
N P |
Acer palmatum 'Senkaki' |
|
|
|
240 x 180 (600 x 450) |
|
|
N P |
Acer platanoides and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
960 x 600 (2400 x 1500) |
|
|
N P |
Acer pseudoplatanus |
Sycamore |
May-Jun |
|
1200 x 960 (3000 x 2400) |
|
N P B |
|
Aesculus carnea and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
840 x 600 (2100 x 1500) |
|
|
N P |
Aesculus hippocastanum |
|
|
|
960 x 840 (2400 x 2100) |
|
|
N P B |
Aesculus indica and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
600 x 600 (1500 x 1500) |
|
|
N P |
Aesculus pavia and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
180 x 120 (450 x 300) |
|
|
N P |
Actinidia kolomikta |
|
|
|
180 x indefinite |
|
|
. |
Ailanthus altissima |
|
|
|
960 x 600 (2400 x 1500) |
|
|
N P |
Alnus cordata |
|
|
|
960 x 240 (2400 x 600) |
|
|
P |
Alnus glutinosa and it's cultivars |
Alder |
Mar-Apr |
|
960 x 360 (2400 x 900) |
|
P B |
|
Alnus incana and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
840 x 360 (2100 x 900) |
|
|
P |
Amelanchier laevis |
|
|
|
240 x 240 (600 x 600) |
|
|
P |
Amelianchier lamarckii |
|
|
|
276 x 240 (690 x 600) |
|
|
P |
Aralia elata |
|
|
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
|
N |
Arbutus unedo and it's cultivars |
Straw- |
Aug to first frosts |
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
N P |
|
Berberis darwinii and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
N P B |
Berberis julianae |
|
|
|
96 x 120 (240 x300) |
|
|
N P B |
Berberis prattii |
|
|
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
|
N P B |
Berberis x stenophylla and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
96 x 96 (240 x 240) |
|
|
N P B |
Berberis thunbergii and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
24 x 96 (60 x 240) |
|
|
N P B |
Betula and it's cultivars |
Birch |
|
|
960 x 360 (2400 x 900) |
|
P |
|
Buddleia davidii 'Black Knight' |
Buddleia |
Jul to first frosts |
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
N B |
|
Buddleia davidii 'Royal Red' |
Buddleia |
Jul to first frosts |
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
N B |
|
Buddleia davidii 'White Profusion' |
Buddleia |
Jul to first frosts |
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
N B |
|
Buddleia globosa |
|
|
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
|
N B |
Buxus sempervirens and it's cultivars |
Box |
Mar-May |
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
N P |
|
Caragana arborescens and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
240 x 144 (600 x 360) |
|
|
N P B |
Castanea sativa and it's cultivars |
Sweet Chestnut or Spanish Chestnut |
|
|
1200 x 600 (3000 x 1500) |
|
N P |
|
Catalpa bignonioides and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
600 x 600 (1500 x 1500) |
|
|
N P B |
Ceanothus 'Autumnal Blue' |
|
|
|
120 x 96 (300 x 240) |
|
|
N P B |
Ceanothus 'Spring flowering cultivars' |
|
|
|
96 x 96 (240 x 240) |
|
|
N P B |
Cercis siliquastrum |
|
|
|
360 x 324 (900 x 810) |
|
|
N P |
Chaenomeles speciosa 'Moerloosei' |
|
|
|
96 x 180 (240 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Chaenomeles speciosa 'Nivalis' |
|
|
|
96 x 180 (240 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Chaenomeles speciosa 'Port Eliot' |
|
|
|
96 x 180 (240 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Chaenomeles speciosa 'Snow' |
|
|
|
96 x 180 (240 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Chaenomeles speciosa 'Umbilicata' |
|
|
|
96 x 180 (240 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Clematis armandii and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
144 x 96 (360 x 240) |
|
P |
|
Clematis montana and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
360 x 96 (900 x 240) |
|
N P |
|
Clematis montana 'Elizabeth' |
|
|
|
360 x 96 (900 x 240) |
|
N P |
|
Clematis montana grandiflora 'Alba' |
|
|
|
360 x 96 (900 x 240) |
|
N P |
|
Clematis montana var. rubens |
|
|
|
360 x 96 (900 x 240) |
|
N P |
|
Colutea arborescens |
Bladder Senna |
Jun-Aug |
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
N P B |
|
Cornus alba and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
|
N P |
Cornus mas and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Cotoneaster x 'Cornubia' |
|
|
|
240 x 240 (600 x 600) |
|
|
N P B |
Cotoneaster franchetii |
|
|
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
|
N P B |
Cotoneaster frigidus |
|
|
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
|
N P B |
Cotoneaster salicifolius and its cultivars |
|
|
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Cotoneaster simonsii |
Khasia Berry |
May-Jul |
|
96 x 72 (240 x 180) |
|
N P B |
|
Cotinus coggygria 'Flame' |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
N |
Cotinus coggygria 'Royal Purple' |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
N |
Cotoneaster lacteus |
|
|
|
120 x 96 (300 x 240) |
|
|
N P B |
Crataegus crus-galli |
|
|
|
300 x 360 (750 x 900) |
|
|
N P B |
Crataegus laevigata and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
|
N P |
Crataegus monogyna and it's cultivars |
Hawthorn |
May-Jun |
|
360 x 300 (900 x 750) |
|
N P |
|
Crataegus persimilis 'Prunifolia' |
|
|
|
300 x 360 (750 x 900) |
|
|
N P |
Deutzia scabra |
|
|
|
120 x 72 (300 x 180) |
|
|
P |
Eleagnus pungens and its cultivars |
|
|
|
144 x 180 (360 x 450) |
|
|
B |
Erica erigena and its cultivars |
Irish Heath, Mediter-ranean Heath |
|
|
96 x 36 (240 x 90) |
|
N P B |
|
Escallonia 'Apple Blossom' |
|
|
|
84 x 96 (210 x 240) |
|
|
N B |
Escallonia 'Donard Radiance' |
|
|
|
84 x 96 (210 x 240) |
|
|
N B |
Escallonia 'Donard Seedling' |
|
|
|
96 x 96 (240 x 240) |
|
|
N B |
Escallonia macrantha rubra |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
N B |
Fagus sylvatica and it's cultivars |
Beech |
Apr-May |
|
960 x 600 (2400 x 1500) |
|
P |
|
Fraxinus and it's cultivars |
Ash |
Apr-May |
|
1200 x 840 (3000 x 2100) |
|
P |
|
Garrya eliptica and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
P |
Genista aetnensis |
|
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
|
B |
Hamamelis japonica and its cultivars |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
P |
Hamamelis mollis 'Pallida' |
|
|
|
144 x 120 (360 x 300) |
|
|
P |
Hamamelis mollis and its cultivars |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
P |
Hebe salicifolia |
|
|
|
96 x 96 (240 x 240) |
|
|
N B |
Hedera helix var. hibernica |
Ivy |
|
|
360 x 240 (900 x 600) |
|
N P B |
|
Hippophae rhamnoides |
Sea-Buckthorn |
Apr-May |
|
240 x 240 (600 x 600) |
|
B |
|
Hydrangea anomala ssp. Petiolaris |
|
|
|
600 x 240 (1500 x 600) |
|
|
N |
Ilex aquifolium 'Handsworth New Silver' |
Holly |
|
|
300 x 180 (750 x 450) |
|
N P |
|
Ilex aquifolium 'Pyramidalis' |
Holly |
|
|
240 x 180 (600 x 450) |
|
N P |
|
Ilex crenata 'Golden Gem' |
|
|
|
180 x 120 (450 x 300) |
|
|
N P |
Ilex x altaclerensis 'Golden King' |
|
|
|
240 x 180 (600 x 450) |
|
|
N P |
Koelreuteria paniculata and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
|
N |
Kolkwitzia amabilis and its cultivars |
|
|
|
120 x 144 (300 x 360) |
|
|
... |
Laurus nobilis |
|
|
|
480 x 360 (1200 x 900) |
|
|
N B |
Ligustrum ovalifolium |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
N P B |
Liquidambar styraciflua and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
960 x 480 (2400 x 1200) |
|
|
N |
Liriodendron tulipifera and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
1200 x 600 (3000 x 1500) |
|
|
N P |
Magnolia denudata |
|
|
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
|
P |
Magnolia grandiflora and its cultivars |
|
|
|
360 x 600 (900 x 1500) |
|
|
P |
Magnolia kobus |
|
|
|
480 x 360 (1200 x 900) |
|
|
P |
Magnolia x soulangeana and its cultivars |
|
|
|
240 x 240 (600 x 600) |
|
|
P B |
Magnolia stellata 'King Rose' |
|
|
|
84 x 72 (210 x 180) |
|
|
P B |
Mahonia japonica and its cultivars |
|
|
|
84 x 120 (210 x 300) |
|
|
N P B |
Malus 'John Downie' |
|
|
|
312 x 240 (780 x 600) |
|
N P B |
|
Malus 'Royalty' |
|
|
|
336 x 300 (840 x 750) |
|
N P B |
|
Malus toringoides |
|
|
|
300 x 360 (750 x 900) |
|
N P B |
|
Malus x zumi 'Golden Hornet' |
|
|
|
312 x 276 (780 x 690) |
|
N P B |
|
Malus and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
N P B |
|
Mespilus germanica and its cultivars |
Medlar |
May-Jun |
|
240 x 300 (600 x 750) |
|
N P B |
|
Nothofagus procera |
|
|
|
960 x 600 (2400 x 1500) |
|
|
P |
Osmanthus delavayi |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
... |
Osmanthus heterophyllus 'Variegatus' |
|
|
|
96 x 120 (240 x 300) |
|
|
... |
Parthenocissus quinquefolia |
|
|
|
600 x 300 (1500 x 750) |
|
|
N P B |
Philadelphus coronarius 'Aureus' |
|
|
|
96 x 60 (240 x 150) |
|
|
N P B |
Photinia villosa |
|
|
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
|
... |
Populus nigra and it's cultivars |
Black Poplar |
Mar-Apr |
|
1440 x 840 (3600 x 2100) |
|
P |
|
Populus tremula and it's cultivars |
Aspen |
Mar |
|
840 x 360 (2100 x 900) |
|
P |
|
Prunus avium |
Wild Cherry |
Apr-May |
|
840 x 360 (2100 x 900) |
|
N P B |
|
Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' |
Cherry-Plum |
Mar |
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
N P |
|
Prunus dulcis |
|
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
|
N P B |
Prunus laurocerasus and its cultivars |
|
|
|
300 x 360 (750 x 900) |
|
|
N P |
Prunus lusitanica and its cultivars |
|
|
|
840 x 840 (2100 x 2100) |
|
|
N P |
Prunus padus and it's cultivars |
Bird Cherry |
May |
|
600 x 360 (1500 x 900) |
|
N P B |
|
Prunus persica 'Single Flowers' varieties |
Nectarine, Peach |
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
N P B |
|
Prunus sargentii and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
840 x 600 (2100 x 1500) |
|
|
N P B |
Prunus serrulata |
|
|
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
|
N P B |
Prunus spinosa |
Blackthorn |
Apr-May |
|
180 x 144 (450 x 360) |
|
N P B |
|
Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' |
|
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
|
N P |
Prunus x yedoensis and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
600 x 360 (1500 x 900) |
|
|
N P B |
Prunus x hillieri 'Spire' |
|
|
|
360 x 180 (900 x 450) |
|
|
N P |
Pyracantha 'Orange Glow' |
|
|
|
180 x 120 (450 x 300) |
|
|
N P B |
Pyracantha 'Red Column' |
|
|
|
96 x 72 (240 x 180) |
|
|
N P B |
Pyracantha 'Teton' |
|
|
|
144 x 144 (360 x 360) |
|
|
N P B |
Pyracantha rogersiana 'Flava' |
|
|
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
|
N P B |
Pyracantha and its cultivars |
|
|
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
|
N P B |
Quercus and it's cultivars |
Oak |
Apr-May |
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
P |
|
Rhamnus cathartica |
Common Buckthorn |
May-Jun |
|
240 x 180 (600 x 450) |
|
N P |
|
Rhamnus frangula |
|
|
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
|
N P |
Rhus glabra |
|
|
|
96 x 96 (240 x 240) |
|
|
N P |
Rhus typhina |
|
|
|
180 x 240 (450 x 600) |
|
|
N P |
Robinia pseudoacacia and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
960 x 600 (2400 x 1500) |
|
|
N P B |
Rubus odoratus |
|
|
|
96 x 96 (240 x 240) |
|
|
N P |
Rubus x tridel 'Benenden' |
|
|
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
|
N P |
Salix aegyptiaca |
|
|
|
144 x 180 (360 x 450) |
|
|
N P B |
Salix alba and it's cultivars |
White Willow |
Apr-May |
|
960 x (2400 x ) |
|
N P B |
|
Salix fragilis |
Crack Willow |
Apr |
|
600 x 600 (1500 x 1500) |
|
N P B |
|
Salix purpurea |
Purple Willow |
Mar-Apr |
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
N P B |
|
Schrizophragma integrifolium |
|
|
|
480 x 240 (1200 x 600) |
|
|
N |
Solanum crispum and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
240 x 120 (600 x 300) |
|
|
N |
Sorbus aria and it's cultivars |
White Beam |
May-Jun |
|
360 x 360 (900 x 900) |
|
N P |
|
Sorbus aucuparia and it's cultivars |
Rowan |
May-Jun |
|
600 x 268 (1500 x 660) |
|
N P B |
|
Sorbus hupehensis and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
300 x 300 (750 x 750) |
|
|
N P |
Sorbus intermedia |
Cut-leaved White Beam |
|
|
480 x 480 (1200 x 1200) |
|
N |
|
Staphylea and its cultivars |
|
|
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
|
N P |
Syringa and its cultivars |
|
|
|
180 x 144 (450 x 360) |
|
|
P |
Tamarix ramosissima and its cultivars |
|
|
|
180 x 180 (450 x 450) |
|
|
N P |
Tilia x euchlora |
|
|
|
840 x 600 (2100 x 1500) |
|
|
N P B |
Ulmus and it's cultivars |
Elm |
|
|
840 x 480 (2100 x 1200) |
|
P |
|
Viburnum opulus and its cultivars |
Guelder Rose |
Jun-Jul |
|
180 x 144 (450 x 360) |
|
N |
|
Viburnum plicatum f. tomentosum |
|
|
|
120 x 144 (300 x 360) |
|
|
N P |
Viburnum tinus 'Eve Price' |
|
|
|
96 x 84 (240 x 210) |
|
|
P |
Viburnum tinus |
|
|
|
120 x 120 (300 x 300) |
|
|
P |
Vitis and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
480 x 120 (1200 x 300) |
|
N P |
|
Weigela 'Bristol Ruby' |
|
|
|
96 x 72 (240 x 180) |
|
|
N B |
Wisteria sinensis and it's cultivars |
|
|
|
336 x 168 (840 x 420) |
|
|
N P B |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the content and/or quality of external web sites linked from this site. |
Height in inches (cms):- 25.4mm = 1 inch I normally round this to |
The bee can pollinate the flower, which can then produce a seed. Hymn 881 then instructs the seed:- Push, little seed, |
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For my recommendation on what to do with your prunings, kitchen scraps and grass mowings see Compost Bins in Companion Planting Page C, instead of composting them in a small 1 cubic yard domestic garden compost bin. |
PLANTS PAGE PLANT USE Poisonous Cultivated and UK Wildflower Plants with Photos
Following parts of Level 2a,
|
PLANTS PAGE MENU Plant Selection by Plant Requirements
Photos - with its link; provides a link to its respective Plant Photo Gallery in this website to provide comparison photos. |
PLANTS PAGE MENU REFINING SELECTION Photos - 12 Flower Colours per Month in its Bloom Colour Wheel Gallery
Groundcover Height |
To locate mail-order nursery for plants from the UK in this gallery try using search in RHS Find a Plant. To locate plants in the European Union (EU) try using Search Term in Gardens4You and Meilland Richardier in France. To locate mail-order nursery for plants from America in this gallery try using search in Plant Lust. To locate plant information in Australia try using Plant Finder in Gardening Australia. To see what plants that I have described in this website see |
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Top ten plants that are bad for bees from Countryfile Magazine "Lavender, alliums, fuschias, sweet peas - keen gardeners know the very best flowers to entice bees to their gardens. But what about plants that are bad for bees? Here is our expert guide to the top ten plants that you should avoid to keep bees happy and buzzing, plus the perfect alternatives. 1. Rhododendron 2. Azalea 3. Trumpet flower, or angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia suaveolens) 4. Oleander (Nerium oleander) 5. Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) 6. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) 7. Stargazer lily (Lilium 'Stargazer') 8. Heliconia Exotic and interesting, heliconia, or lobster-claws as its sometimes called, is very toxic to bees. You should not prune your heliconias, as the 'stem' is actually made up of rolled leaf bases and the flowers emerge from the top of these 'pseudostems'. However, each stem will only flower once, so after flowering you can cut that stem out. This is recommended, to encourage more flowering, to increase airflow in between the stems of your plant, and also to generally tidy it up and improve the appearance. 9. Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia - 10. Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) This is another list of Plants toxic to bees, which includes:- |
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The following details come from Cactus Art:- "A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female). Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds. Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.
Androecium (male Parts or stamens) Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)
 It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
The following details come from Nectary Genomics:- "NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins. NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate. WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and rely almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%." |
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The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:- "Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.
There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America.
"Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph. |
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THE 2 EUREKA EFFECT PAGES FOR UNDERSTANDING SOIL AND HOW PLANTS INTERACT WITH IT OUT OF 10,000:-
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Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:-
1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery.
2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery.
3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:- Aquatic
4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:- Shape, Form
5. Choose a plant from its foliage:- Bamboo
6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers in Plants Topic.
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7. when I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:-
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There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-
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Look for:- |
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