Neutral Flower Colour Plant Index: Gray 234

Ivydene Gardens Colour Wheel - Flowers Gallery: Neutral Flower Colour: Darth Gray Compare plants of all types with the same Flower Colour		Gray
Flowering Months range abbreviates month to its first 3 letters (Apr-Jun is April, May and June). Click on centre of thumbnail to move from this page to the Plant Description Page of the Plant named in the Text box below that photo. The Comments Row of that Plant Description links to where you personally can purchase that plant via mail-order. Links to Plant Use and Shape Gallery Pages are below this comparison table, for:- All Plants Bedding Bulb Rose Wildflower Links to Shape Gallery Pages only, for:- Evergreen Perennial Herbaceous Perennial
Bulb and Perennial Height from Text Border Colour	Brown = 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)	Blue = 12-24 inches (30-60 cms)	Green = 24-36 inches (60-90 cms)	Red = 36-72 inches (90-180 cms)	Black = 72+ inches (180+ cms)
Bulb and Perennial Soil Moisture from Text Background	Wet Soil	Moist Soil		Dry Soil






Shrub Height from Text Border Colour	Brown = 0-12 inches (0-30 cms)	Blue = 12-36 inches (30-90 cms)	Green = 36-60 inches (90-150 cms)	Red = 60-120 inches (150-300 cms)	Black = 120+ inches (300+ cms)
Shrub Soil Moisture from Text Background	Wet Soil	Moist Soil		Dry Soil






Tree Height from Text Border Colour	Brown = 0-240 inches (0-600 cms)	Blue = 240-480 inches (600-1200 cms)	Green = 480+ inches (1200+ cms)	Red = Potted	Black = Use in Small Garden
Tree Soil Moisture from Text Background	Wet Soil	Moist Soil		Dry Soil






Climber Height from Text Border Colour		Blue = 0-36 inches (0-90 cms)	Green = 36-120 inches (90-300 cms)	Red = 120+ inches (180+ cms)
Climber Soil Moisture from Text Background	Wet Soil	Moist Soil		Dry Soil






Aquatic, Bamboo, Bedding, Conifer, Fern, Grass, Herb, Rhododendron, Rose, Soft Fruit, Top Fruit, Vegetable and Wildflower Height from Text Border Colour		Blue = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms)	Green = 24-72 inches (60-180 cms)	Red = 72+ inches (180+ cms)
Aquatic, Bamboo, Bedding, Conifer, Fern, Grass, Herb, Rhododendron, Rose, Soft Fruit, Top Fruit, Vegetable and Wildflower Soil Moisture from Text Background	Wet Soil	Moist Soil		Dry Soil
































































The 2 EUREKA EFFECT pages for understanding soil and how plants interact with it:- THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 2 QUARTZ GRAIN SIBLINGS, and HOW ROOTS OF PLANTS ARE IN CONTROL IN THE SOIL before continuing in this website. Explanation of Structure of this Website with User Guidelines Page for those photo galleries with Photos (of either ones I have taken myself or others which have been loaned only for use on this website from external sources) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Choose 1 of these different Plant selection Methods:- 1. Choose a plant from 1 of 53 flower colours in the Colour Wheel Gallery. 2. Choose a plant from 1 of 12 flower colours in each month of the year from 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery or 12 Flower Colours per Month of Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers Gallery, with its Index Gallery 3. Choose a plant from 1 of 6 flower colours per month for each type of plant:- Aquatic Bedding Bulb Climber Conifer Deciduous Shrub Deciduous Tree Evergreen Perennial Evergreen Shrub Evergreen Tree Hedging Herbaceous Perennial Herb Odds and Sods Rhododendron Rock Garden and Alpine Rose Soft Fruit Top Fruit Wild Flower 4. Choose a plant from its Flower Shape:- Shape, Form Index Flower Shape 5. Choose a plant from its foliage:- Bamboo Conifer Fern Grass Vegetable Silver Foliage Other than Green 6. There are 6 Plant Selection Levels including Bee Pollinated Plants for Hay Fever Sufferers page in Levels 1 to 4, which can be followed by pages in Levels 1 and 5 of Groundcover in surrounding the plant selected Groundcover Height 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) 24-72 inches (60-180 cms) Above 72 inches (180 cms) GROUNDCOVER PLANT DETAIL Plant Selection Level 5 Plant Name - A , B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, XYZ Then, finally use COMPANION PLANTING to aid your plant selected or to deter Pests Plant Selection Level 6 in Plants Topic. or 7. When I do not have my own or ones from mail-order nursery photos , then from March 2016, if you want to start from the uppermost design levels through to your choice of cultivated and wildflower plants to change your Plant Selection Process then use the following galleries:- Create and input all plants known by Amateur Gardening inserted into their Sanders' Encyclopaedia from their edition published in 1960 (originally published by them in 1895) into these Stage 1 - Garden Style Index Gallery, then Stage 2 - Infill Plants Index Gallery being the only gallery from these 7 with photos (from Wikimedia Commons) , then Stage 3 - All Plants Index Gallery with each plant species in its own Plant Type Page followed by choice from Stage 4a, 4b, 4c and/or 4d REMEMBERING THE CONSTRAINTS ON THE SELECTION FROM THE CHOICES MADE IN STAGES 1 AND 2 Stage 4a - 12 Bloom Colours per Month Index Gallery, Stage 4b - 12 Foliage Colours per Month Index Gallery with Stage 4c - Cultivation, Position, Use Index Gallery and Stage 4d - Shape, Form Index Gallery Unfortunately, if you want to have 100's of choices on selection of plants from 1000's of 1200 pixels wide by up to 16,300 pixels in length webpages, which you can jump to from almost any of the pages in these 7 galleries above, you have to put up with those links to those choices being on the left topic menu table, the header of the middle data table and on the page/index menu table on the right of every page of those galleries. I like reading and that is shown by the index in my Library, where I provide lists of books to take you between designing, maintaining or building a garden and the hierarchy of books on plants taking you from the coffee-table book where different blue primrose cultivars occur in the prose on pages 17, 90 and 202, to ones where there is a table of primrose cultivars with blue flowers on a single page, to what plants to associate with those blue primroses and companion plants for them.

Colour Wheel - All Flowers 53 Gallery

Site Map for Flower Petal Colour being nearest to Colour in this Colour Wheel Page

Introduction explains the 54 links to the 54 colour pages in the Colour Wheel links map below

Dark Tone
or Shades (Colours mixed with Black) is the outer circle of colours.

Mid-Tone
(Colours mixed with Grey) is the next circle of colours.

Pure Hue
(the Primary, Secondary or Tertiary Colour named) is the next circle of colours.

Pastel
(Colours mixed with White) is the innermost circle of colours.

These 12 colour spokes of Dark Tone, Mid-Tone, Pure Hue and Pastel are split into:-

Number	Primary Colour Name	Pure Hue Colour Name Used
1	Red	Red
2	Yellow	Yellow
3	Blue	Blue
Number	Secondary Colour Name	Pure Hue Colour Name Used
10	Orange	Vitamin C
11	Green	Lime
12	Violet	Magenta
Number	Tertiary Colour Name	Pure Hue Colour Name Used
100	Red Orange	Orange
101	Yellow Orange	Tangerine
102	Yellow Green	Lovely Lime
103	Blue Green	Light Teal
104	Blue Violet	Grape
105	Red Violet	Process Pagenta

There are other pages on Plants which bloom in each month of the year in this website:-

12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
Plants Blue, Orange, Red, Yellow, White, Other Colours which lead on to other pages
Colour Wheel - All Flowers per Month 12

Bedding
Bulb
Climber
Deciduous Shrub
Deciduous Tree
Evergreen Perennial
Evergreen Shrub
Evergreen Tree
Herbaceous Perennial
Rhododendron
Rock Garden and Alpine Flower Colour Wheel
Rock Plant Flowers 53
Rose
Wild Flower

Click on Flower Colour above Colour Name to compare flowers of same colour and different plant types or 1,
then 2, 3, or 4 for following pages

White 1, 2

White 3

White Wild-flower 1, 2

Gray

Silver
1, 2

Black

105

100

Red 1, 2

Pink
1, 2

104

101

Bone
1, 2

103

102

When you have reached the required Flower Colour Page, then click on Flowering Months of the required plant to compare this flower with others
from the same Plant Type - Bulbs, Climbers, Evergreen perennials - in that month
OR
with others from the plants at RHS Wisley in that month

Plant Selection by Flower Colour

Blue Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Wild Flower.

Orange Flowers

Bedding.
Wild Flower.

Other Colour Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Wild Flower.

Red Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.

White Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Decid Tree.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.

Yellow Flowers

Bedding.
Bulb.
Climber.
Decid Shrub.
Evergr Per.
Evergr Shrub.
Herbac Per.
Rose.
Wild Flower.

Plant Index to all compared thumbnails of this flower colour in this page:-

Click on Flowering Period Month to compare this flower EITHER with others from the same Plant Type - Bulbs, Climbers, Evergreen Perennials - in that month OR with others from the plants at RHS Wisley in that month

Plant Name

Flower Colour with
Flower Thumbnail

Flowering
Months
with Link to Flower Colour Comparison Page in that month

Form Thumbnail

Height x Width in inches (cms) -
1 inch = 2.5 cms,
12 inches = 1 foot,
36 inches = 3 feet = 1 yard,
40 inches = 100 cms

Foliage Colour with Foliage Thumbnail

Plant Use

Comments

Information about grey leaf plants.

Bulbs

Herbaceous Perennials

Evergreen Perennials

Deciduous Shrub

Evergreen Shrub

Deciduous Tree

Evergreen Tree

Deciduous Climber

Evergreen Climber

Aquatic, Bamboo, Bedding, Conifer,
Fern,
Grass,
Herb,
Rhodo-dendron,
Rose,
Soft Fruit,
Top Fruit, Vegetable and Wildflower

Ivydene Horticultural Services logo with I design, construct and maintain private gardens. I also advise and teach you in your own garden. 01634 389677

Ivydene
Horticultural
Services

Site design and content copyright ©August 2009. Menus amended July 2015. Page changed to provide more comprehensive plant index June 2017. Plant Use and Flower Shape pages added July 2017. Chris Garnons-Williams.

DISCLAIMER: Links to external sites are provided as a courtesy to visitors. Ivydene Horticultural Services are not responsible for the breakage of the link to the Safety Regulations for man walking with Red Flag before Automobile.

LIFE IN THE 1500'S in England:-
Lead cups were used to drink ale or whisky. The combination would sometimes knock the imbibers out for a couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the custom of holding a wake.

Plant Care may aid you in keeping your newly planted plants healthy and growing. PLANT USE AND FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES This Gallery compares the use and flower shape of plants in this website combined with those already compared in Bedding, Bulb, Evergreen Perennial, Herbaceous Perennial and Roses pages as linked to in the table at the end of this page.
PLANTS FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple	Stars with Single Flowers	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels
					Rose Petal Count from Rose Use Gallery	Single: 1-7 Petals	Semi-Double: 8-15 Petals
Flower Shape - Simple	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salver-form	Double: Page 1, Page 2 16-25 Petals	Full: 26-40 Petals	Very Full: 40+ Petals

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts and Petal-less Cluster
						Rose Bloom Shape from Rose Use Gallery	High-Centred, Cupped,
Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons with Double Flowers	Pompoms	Stars with Semi-Double Flowers	Flat, Globular,	Pompon, Rosette

Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays (Group)	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Sphere, Dome (Clusters), Drumstick and Plate
Plant Use	BEDDING OUT and Bedding Out of Roses	BEDDING for Filling In	BEDDING for Screening	BEDDING for Pots and Troughs	BEDDING in Window Boxes	BEDDING in Hanging Baskets	BEDDING Foliage
BEDDING Spring Summer Winter	Foliage Only Other Than Green Foliage	Trees in Lawn Trees in Small Gardens	Wildflower Garden Attract Bird Attract Butterfly 1, 2	Climber on House Wall Climber not on House Wall	Climber in Tree Rabbit-Resistant	Wood-land Pollution Barrier	Part Shade Full Shade
Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees 1, 2, 3	Ground-Cover <60cm 60-180cm >180cm	Hedge Wind-swept	Covering Banks Patio Pot	Edging Borders	Back of Border Poisonous	Adjacent to Water Bog Garden	Tolerant of Poor Soil Winter-Flowering
Fragrant	Not Fragrant	Exhibition	Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'	Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves	Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal	Tolerant of Coastal Con-ditions	Tolerant on North-facing Wall
Cut Flower	Potted Veg Outdoors Potted Veg Indoors	Thornless Raised Bed Outdoors Veg	Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R, S-Z	Grow in Acidic Soil	Grow in Any Soil	Grow in Rock Garden	Grow Bulbs Indoors

Topic
Plants detailed in this website by
Botanical Name
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Bulb
A1, 2, 3, B, C1, 2,
D, E, F, G, Glad,
H, I, J, K, L1, 2,
M, N, O, P, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ ,
Evergreen Perennial
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, X, Y, Z ,
Herbaceous Perennial
A1, 2, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P1, 2, Q, R,
S, T, U, V, W, XYZ,
Diascia Photo Album,
UK Peony Index
Wildflower
Botanical Names,
Common Names ,
will be compared in:- Flower colour/month
Evergreen Perennial,
Flower shape Wildflower Flower Shape and
Plant use
Evergreen Perennial Flower Shape,
Bee plants for hay-fever sufferers
Bee-Pollinated Index
Butterfly
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Butterfly Usage of Plants.
Chalk
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, QR, S, T, UV,
WXYZ
Companion Planting
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R , S, T,
U ,V, W, X, Y, Z,
Pest Control using Plants
Fern Fern
1000 Ground Cover A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M, N,
O, P, Q, R, S, T, U,
V, W, XYZ ,
Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
NO, PQ, R, S, T,
UVWXYZ
Rose Rose Use
These 5 have Page links in rows below
Bulbs from the Infill Galleries (next row), Camera Photos,
Plant Colour Wheel Uses,
Sense of Fragrance, Wild Flower

Case Studies
...Drive Foundations
Ryegrass and turf kills plants within Roadstone and in Topsoil due to it starving and dehydrating them.
CEDAdrive creates stable drive surface and drains rain into your ground, rather than onto the public road.
8 problems caused by building house on clay or with house-wall attached to clay.
Pre-building work on polluted soil.

Companion Planting
to provide a Companion Plant to aid your selected plant or deter its pests

Garden
Construction
with ground drains

Garden Design
...How to Use the Colour Wheel Concepts for Selection of Flowers, Foliage and Flower Shape
...RHS Mixed
Borders
......Bedding Plants
......Her Perennials
......Other Plants
......Camera photos of Plant supports
Garden
Maintenance
Glossary with a tomato teaching cauliflowers
Home
Library of over 1000 books
Offbeat Glossary with DuLally Bird in its flower clock.

Plants
...in Chalk
(Alkaline) Soil
......A-F1, A-F2,
......A-F3, G-L, M-R,
......M-R Roses, S-Z
...in Heavy
Clay Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Lime-Free
(Acid) Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z
...in Light
Sand Soil
......A-F, G-L, M-R,
......S-Z.
...Poisonous Plants.
...Extra Plant Pages
with its 6 Plant Selection Levels

Soil
...Interaction between 2 Quartz Sand Grains to make soil
...How roots of plants are in control in the soil
...Without replacing Soil Nutrients, the soil will break up to only clay, sand or silt
...Subsidence caused by water in Clay
...Use water ring for trees/shrubs for first 2 years.

Tool Shed with 3 kneeling pads
Useful Data with benefits of Seaweed

Topic -
Plant Photo Galleries
If the plant type below has flowers, then the first gallery will include the flower thumbnail in each month of 1 of 6 colour comparison pages of each plant in its subsidiary galleries, as a low-level Plant Selection Process
Aquatic
Bamboo
Bedding
...by Flower Shape

Bulb
...Allium/ Anemone
...Autumn
...Colchicum/ Crocus
...Dahlia
...Gladiolus with its 40 Flower Colours
......European A-E
......European F-M
......European N-Z
......European Non-classified
......American A,
B, C, D, E, F, G,
H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S,
T, U, V, W, XYZ
......American Non-classified
......Australia - empty
......India
......Lithuania
...Hippeastrum/ Lily
...Late Summer
...Narcissus
...Spring
...Tulip
...Winter
...Each of the above ...Bulb Galleries has its own set of Flower Colour Pages
...Flower Shape
...Bulb Form
...Bulb Use
...Bulb in Soil

Further details on bulbs from the Infill Galleries:-
Hardy Bulbs
...Aconitum
...Allium
...Alstroemeria
...Anemone
...Amaryllis
...Anthericum
...Antholyzas
...Apios
...Arisaema
...Arum
...Asphodeline
...Asphodelus
...Belamcanda
...Bloomeria
...Brodiaea
...Bulbocodium
...Calochorti
...Cyclobothrias
...Camassia
...Colchicum
...Convallaria  ...Forcing Lily of the Valley
...Corydalis
...Crinum
...Crosmia
...Montbretia
...Crocus
...Cyclamen
...Dicentra
...Dierama
...Eranthis
...Eremurus
...Erythrnium
...Eucomis
...Fritillaria
...Funkia
...Galanthus
...Galtonia
...Gladiolus
...Hemerocallis
...Hyacinth
...Hyacinths in Pots
...Scilla
...Puschkinia
...Chionodoxa
...Chionoscilla
...Muscari
...Iris
...Kniphofia
...Lapeyrousia
...Leucojum
...Lilium
...Lilium in Pots
...Malvastrum
...Merendera
...Milla
...Narcissus
...Narcissi in Pots
...Ornithogalum
...Oxalis
...Paeonia
...Ranunculus
...Romulea
...Sanguinaria
...Sternbergia
...Schizostylis
...Tecophilaea
...Trillium
...Tulip
...Zephyranthus
Half-Hardy Bulbs
...Acidanthera
...Albuca
...Alstroemeri
...Andro-stephium
...Bassers
...Boussing-aultias
...Bravoas
...Cypellas
...Dahlias
...Galaxis,
...Geissorhizas
...Hesperanthas
...Gladioli
...Ixias
...Sparaxises
...Babianas
...Morphixias
...Tritonias
...Ixiolirions
...Moraeas
...Ornithogalums
...Oxalises
...Phaedra-nassas
...Pancratiums
...Tigridias
...Zephyranthes
...Cooperias
Uses of Bulbs:-
...for Bedding
...in Windowboxes
...in Border
...naturalized in Grass
...in Bulb Frame
...in Woodland Garden
...in Rock Garden
...in Bowls
...in Alpine House
...Bulbs in Green-house or Stove:-
...Achimenes
...Alocasias
...Amorpho-phalluses
...Arisaemas
...Arums
...Begonias
...Bomareas
...Caladiums
...Clivias
...Colocasias
...Crinums
...Cyclamens
...Cyrtanthuses
...Eucharises
...Urceocharis
...Eurycles
...Freesias
...Gloxinias
...Haemanthus
...Hippeastrums
...Lachenalias
...Nerines
...Lycorises
...Pencratiums
...Hymenocallises
...Richardias
...Sprekelias
...Tuberoses
...Vallotas
...Watsonias
...Zephyranthes
...Plant Bedding in
......Spring
......Summer
...Bulb houseplants flowering during:-
......January
......February
......March
......April
......May
......June
......July
......August
......September
......October
......November
......December
...Bulbs and other types of plant flowering during:-
......Dec-Jan
......Feb-Mar
......Apr-May
......Jun-Aug
......Sep-Oct
......Nov-Dec
...Selection of the smaller and choicer plants for the Smallest of Gardens with plant flowering during the same 6 periods as in the previous selection

Climber in
3 Sector Vertical Plant System
...Clematis
...Climbers
Conifer
Deciduous Shrub
...Shrubs - Decid
Deciduous Tree
...Trees - Decid
Evergreen Perennial
...P-Evergreen A-L
...P-Evergreen M-Z
...Flower Shape
Evergreen Shrub
...Shrubs - Evergreen
...Heather Shrub
...Heather Index
......Andromeda
......Bruckenthalia
......Calluna
......Daboecia
......Erica: Carnea
......Erica: Cinerea
......Erica: Others
Evergreen Tree
...Trees - Evergreen
Fern
Grass
Hedging
Herbaceous
Perennial
...P -Herbaceous
...Peony
...Flower Shape
...RHS Wisley
......Mixed Border
......Other Borders
Herb
Odds and Sods
Rhododendron

Rose
...RHS Wisley A-F
...RHS Wisley G-R
...RHS Wisley S-Z
...Rose Use - page links in row 6. Rose, RHS Wisley and Other Roses rose indices on each Rose Use page
...Other Roses A-F
...Other Roses G-R
...Other Roses S-Z
Pruning Methods
Photo Index R 1, 2, 3
Peter Beales Roses
RV Roger Roses

Soft Fruit
Top Fruit
...Apple
...Cherry
...Pear
Vegetable
Wild Flower and
Butterfly page links are in next row

Topic -
UK Butterfly:-
...Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly Usage
of Plants.
...Plant Usage by
Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly.

Both native wildflowers and cultivated plants, with these
...Flower Shape,
...Uses in USA,
...Uses in UK and
...Flo Cols / month are used by Butter-flies native in UK

Wild Flower with its wildflower flower colour page, space,
data page(s).
...Blue Site Map.
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root.
Story of their Common Names.
Use of Plant with Flowers.
Use for Non-Flowering Plants.
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Flowering plants of Chalk and
Limestone 1, 2.
Flowering plants of Acid Soil 1.
...Brown Botanical Names.
Food for
Butterfly/Moth.
...Cream Common Names.
Coastal and Dunes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
...Green Broad-leaved Woods.
...Mauve Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
...Multi-Cols Heaths and Moors.
...Orange Hedge-rows and Verges.
...Pink A-G Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
...Pink H-Z Marshes, Fens, Bogs.
...Purple Old Buildings and Walls.
...Red Pinewoods.
...White A-D
Saltmarshes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and Cliff Tops.
...White E-P Other.
...White Q-Z Number of Petals.
...Yellow A-G
Pollinator.
...Yellow H-Z
Poisonous Parts.
...Shrub/Tree River Banks and other Freshwater Margins. and together with cultivated plants in
Colour Wheel.

You know its
name:-
a-h, i-p, q-z,
Botanical Names, or Common Names,
habitat:-
on Acid Soil,
on Calcareous
(Chalk) Soil,
on Marine Soil,
on Neutral Soil,
is a Fern,
is a Grass,
is a Rush,
is a Sedge, or
is Poisonous.

Each plant in each WILD FLOWER FAMILY PAGE will have a link to:-
1) its created Plant Description Page in its Common Name column, then external sites:-
2) to purchase the plant or seed in its Botanical Name column,
3) to see photos in its Flowering Months column and
4) to read habitat details in its Habitat Column.
Adder's Tongue
Amaranth
Arrow-Grass
Arum
Balsam
Bamboo
Barberry
Bedstraw
Beech
Bellflower
Bindweed
Birch
Birds-Nest
Birthwort
Bogbean
Bog Myrtle
Borage
Box
Broomrape
Buckthorn
Buddleia
Bur-reed
Buttercup
Butterwort
Cornel (Dogwood)
Crowberry
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 1
Crucifer (Cabbage/Mustard) 2
Cypress
Daffodil
Daisy
Daisy Cudweeds
Daisy Chamomiles
Daisy Thistle
Daisy Catsears Daisy Hawkweeds
Daisy Hawksbeards
Daphne
Diapensia
Dock Bistorts
Dock Sorrels
Clubmoss
Duckweed
Eel-Grass
Elm
Filmy Fern
Horsetail
Polypody
Quillwort
Royal Fern
Figwort - Mulleins
Figwort - Speedwells
Flax
Flowering-Rush
Frog-bit
Fumitory
Gentian
Geranium
Glassworts
Gooseberry
Goosefoot
Grass 1
Grass 2
Grass 3
Grass Soft
Bromes 1
Grass Soft
Bromes 2
Grass Soft
Bromes 3
Hazel
Heath
Hemp
Herb-Paris
Holly
Honeysuckle
Horned-Pondweed
Hornwort
Iris
Ivy
Jacobs Ladder
Lily
Lily Garlic
Lime
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Mallow
Maple
Mares-tail
Marsh Pennywort
Melon (Gourd/Cucumber)
Mesem-bryanthemum
Mignonette
Milkwort
Mistletoe
Moschatel
Naiad
Nettle
Nightshade
Oleaster
Olive
Orchid 1
Orchid 2
Orchid 3
Orchid 4
Parnassus-Grass
Peaflower
Peaflower
Clover 1
Peaflower
Clover 2
Peaflower
Clover 3
Peaflower Vetches/Peas
Peony
Periwinkle
Pillwort
Pine
Pink 1
Pink 2
Pipewort
Pitcher-Plant
Plantain
Pondweed
Poppy
Primrose
Purslane
Rannock Rush
Reedmace
Rockrose
Rose 1
Rose 2
Rose 3
Rose 4
Rush
Rush Woodrushes
Saint Johns Wort
Saltmarsh Grasses
Sandalwood
Saxifrage
Seaheath
Sea Lavender
Sedge Rush-like
Sedges Carex 1
Sedges Carex 2
Sedges Carex 3
Sedges Carex 4
Spindle-Tree
Spurge
Stonecrop
Sundew
Tamarisk
Tassel Pondweed
Teasel
Thyme 1
Thyme 2
Umbellifer 1
Umbellifer 2
Valerian
Verbena
Violet
Water Fern
Waterlily
Water Milfoil
Water Plantain
W ater Starwort
Waterwort
Willow
Willow-Herb
Wintergreen
Wood-Sorrel
Yam
Yew

Topic -
The following is a complete hierarchical Plant Selection Process
dependent on the Garden Style chosen
Garden Style
...Infill Plants
...12 Bloom Colours per Month Index
...12 Foliage Colours per Month Index
...All Plants Index
...Cultivation, Position, Use Index
...Shape, Form
Index

Topic -
Flower/Foliage Colour Wheel Galleries with number of colours as a high-level Plant Selection Process

All Flowers 53 with
...Use of Plant and
Flower Shape - page links in bottom row

All Foliage 53
instead of redundant
...(All Foliage 212)

All Flowers
per Month 12

Bee instead of wind pollinated plants for hay-fever sufferers
All Bee-Pollinated Flowers
per Month 12
...Index

Rock Garden and Alpine Flowers
Rock Plant Flowers 53 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L,
M, NO, PQ, R, S,
T, UVWXYZ
...Rock Plant Photos

Flower Colour Wheel without photos, but with links to photos
12 Bloom Colours
per Month Index
...All Plants Index

Topic -
Use of Plant in your Plant Selection Process

Plant Colour Wheel Uses
with
1. Perfect general use soil is composed of 8.3% lime, 16.6% humus, 25% clay and 50% sand, and
2. Why you are continually losing the SOIL STRUCTURE so your soil - will revert to clay, chalk, sand or silt.
Uses of Plant and Flower Shape:-
...Foliage Only
...Other than Green Foliage
...Trees in Lawn
...Trees in Small Gardens
...Wildflower Garden
...Attract Bird
...Attract Butterfly
1, 2
...Climber on House Wall
...Climber not on House Wall
...Climber in Tree
...Rabbit-Resistant
...Woodland
...Pollution Barrier
...Part Shade
...Full Shade
...Single Flower provides Pollen for Bees
1, 2, 3
...Ground-Cover
<60cm
60-180cm
>180cm
...Hedge
...Wind-swept
...Covering Banks
...Patio Pot
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border
...Poisonous
...Adjacent to Water
...Bog Garden
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Winter-Flowering
...Fragrant
...Not Fragrant
...Exhibition
...Standard Plant is 'Ball on Stick'
...Upright Branches or Sword-shaped leaves
...Plant to Prevent Entry to Human or Animal
...Coastal Conditions
...Tolerant on North-facing Wall
...Cut Flower
...Potted Veg Outdoors
...Potted Veg Indoors
...Thornless
...Raised Bed Outdoors Veg
...Grow in Alkaline Soil A-F, G-L, M-R,
S-Z
...Grow in Acidic Soil
...Grow in Any Soil
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Grow Bulbs Indoors

Uses of Bedding
...Bedding Out
...Filling In
...Screen-ing
...Pots and Troughs
...Window Boxes
...Hanging Baskets
...Spring Bedding
...Summer Bedding
...Winter Bedding
...Foliage instead of Flower
...Coleus Bedding Photos for use in Public Domain 1

Uses of Bulb
...Other than Only Green Foliage
...Bedding or Mass Planting
...Ground-Cover
...Cut-Flower
...Tolerant of Shade
...In Woodland Areas
...Under-plant
...Tolerant of Poor Soil
...Covering Banks
...In Water
...Beside Stream or Water Garden
...Coastal Conditions
...Edging Borders
...Back of Border or Back-ground Plant
...Fragrant Flowers
...Not Fragrant Flowers
...Indoor
House-plant
...Grow in a Patio Pot
...Grow in an Alpine Trough
...Grow in an Alpine House
...Grow in Rock Garden
...Speciman Plant
...Into Native Plant Garden
...Naturalize in Grass
...Grow in Hanging Basket
...Grow in Window-box
...Grow in Green-house
...Grow in Scree
...Naturalized Plant Area
...Grow in Cottage Garden
...Attracts Butterflies
...Attracts Bees
...Resistant to Wildlife
...Bulb in Soil:-
......Chalk
......Clay
......Sand
......Lime-Free (Acid)
......Peat

Uses of Rose
Rose Index
...Bedding 1, 2
...Climber /Pillar
...Cut-Flower 1, 2
...Exhibition, Speciman
...Ground-Cover
...Grow In A Container 1, 2
...Hedge 1, 2
...Climber in Tree
...Woodland
...Edging Borders
...Tolerant of Poor Soil 1, 2
...Tolerant of Shade
...Back of Border
...Adjacent to Water
...Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES.
...FRAGRANT ROSES
...NOT FRAGRANT ROSES

Topic -
Camera Photo Galleries showing all 4000 x 3000 pixels of each photo on your screen that you can then click and drag it to your desktop as part of a Plant Selection Process:-

RHS Garden at Wisley
Plant Supports -
When supporting plants in a bed, it is found that not only do those plants grow upwards, but also they expand their roots and footpad sideways each year. Pages
1, 2, 3, 8, 11,
12, 13,
Plants 4, 7, 10,
Bedding Plants 5,
Plant Supports for Unknown Plants 5,
Clematis Climbers 6,
the RHS does not appear to either follow it's own pruning advice or advice from The Pruning of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers by George E. Brown.
ISBN 0-571-11084-3 with the plants in Pages 1-7 of this folder. You can see from looking at both these resources as to whether the pruning carried out on the remainder of the plants in Pages 7-15 was correct.
Narcissus (Daffodil) 9,
Phlox Plant Supports 14, 15

Coleus Bedding Foliage Trial - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, Index

National Trust Garden at Sissinghurst Castle
Plant Supports -
Pages for Gallery 1
with Plant Supports
1, 5, 10
Plants
2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,
11, 12
Recommended Rose Pruning Methods 13
Pages for Gallery 2
with Plant Supports
2,
Plants 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Dry Garden of
RHS Garden at
Hyde Hall
Plants - Pages
without Plant Supports
Plants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Nursery of
Peter Beales Roses
Display Garden
Roses Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Nursery of
RV Roger
Roses - Pages
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,
A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,
A11,A12,A13,A14,
B15,
B16,B17,B18,B19,
B20,
B21,B22,B23,B24,
B25,
B26,B27,B28,B29,
B30,
C31,C32,C33,C34,
C35,
C36,C37,C38,C39,
C40,
C41,CD2,D43,D44,
D45,
D46,D47,D48,D49,
E50,
E51,E52,F53,F54,
F55,
F56,F57,G58,G59,
H60,
H61,I62,K63,L64,
M65,
M66,N67,P68,P69,
P70,
R71,R72,S73,S74,
T75,
V76,Z77, 78,

Damage by Plants in Chilham Village - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4

Pavements of Funchal, Madeira
Damage to Trees - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13
for trees 1-54,
14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
for trees 55-95,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37,
for trees 95-133,
38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
for trees 133-166

Chris Garnons-Williams
Work Done - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13

Identity of Plants
Label Problems - Pages
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11

Ron and Christine Foord - 1036 photos only inserted so far - Garden Flowers - Start Page of each Gallery
AB1 ,AN14,BA27,
CH40,CR52,DR63,
FR74,GE85,HE96,

Plant with Photo Index of Ivydene Gardens - 1187
A 1, 2, Photos - 43
B 1, Photos - 13
C 1, Photos - 35
D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Photos - 411
with Plants causing damage to buildings in Chilham Village and Damage to Trees in Pavements of Funchal
E 1, Photos - 21
F 1, Photos - 1
G 1, Photos - 5
H 1, Photos - 21
I 1, Photos - 8
J 1, Photos - 1
K 1, Photos - 1
L 1, Photos - 85
with Label Problems
M 1, Photos - 9
N 1, Photos - 12
O 1, Photos - 5
P 1, Photos - 54
Q 1, Photos -
R 1, 2, 3,
Photos - 229
S 1, Photos - 111
T 1, Photos - 13
U 1, Photos - 5
V 1, Photos - 4
W 1, Photos - 100
with Work Done by Chris Garnons-Williams
X 1 Photos -
Y 1, Photos -
Z 1 Photos -
Articles/Items in Ivydene Gardens - 88
Flower Colour, Num of Petals, Shape and
Plant Use of:-
Rock Garden
within linked page

Topic -
Fragrant Plants as a Plant Selection Process for your sense of smell:-
Sense of Fragrance from Roy Genders

Fragrant Plants:-
Trees and Shrubs with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for an Acid Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented Flowers for a
Chalky or Limestone Soil
1, 2, 3, 4
Shrubs bearing Scented leaves for a
Sandy Soil
1, 2, 3
Herbaceous Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3
Annual and Biennial Plants with Scented Flowers or Leaves
1, 2
Bulbs and Corms with Scented Flowers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Scented Plants of Climbing and Trailing Habit
1, 2, 3
Winter-flowering Plants with Scented Flowers
1, 2
Night-scented Flowering Plants
1, 2

Topic -
Website User Guidelines

My Gas Service Engineer found Flow and Return pipes incorrectly positioned on gas boilers and customers had refused to have positioning corrected in 2020.

Copied from Colour Wheel Flowers Site Map
According to the Civil Service Motoring Association Magazine of September 2012, "there are 7,000,000 UK gardens that have been paved over to make space for parking, says the RAC Foundation. The increase in vehicle numbers, and limit on public parking spaces, means that, of the 80 per cent of dwellings built with a front garden, two-thirds are now paved over for cars." Most of the current population in the UK breathe, and that means that most of the current population do not have the 25 x 25 feet of lawn necessary for that lawn to produce their required Oxygen for the year for them to breathe as well as the incredible amount of oxygen used by car engines. This means that the human population is currently asphyxiating itself, instead of growing grass to park their cars on.

The Daily Telegraph Best Flowers to Grow and Cut by David Joyce (ISBN 0 7112 2366 1) groups plants according to defined characteristics of flower simple shape, elaborated shape, flower details and flower textures. Using that system, this plant gallery has thumbnail pictures in:- Number of Flower Petals Flower Simple Shape, Flower Elaborated Shape and Flower Natural Arrangement Pages A thumbnail of a plant can be in each of the above 3. The text menu above links to those pages and the thumbnails in the menu link to the Plant Description Page of that flower. Explaination of each page is at its bottom. BEDDING PLANT USE AND FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
Flower Colour	Bicolour	Blue	Green	Orange	Other Colours	Pink	Purple
Flower Colour	Red	White	White / Bicolour	Yellow
Flower Simple Shape	3 Petals	4 Petals	5 Petals	6 Petals	Stars	Bowls, Cups and Saucers	Globes, Goblets and Chalices

	Trumpets and Funnels	Bells, Thimbles and Urns		Single Flower provides pollen for bees		2 Petals

Flower Elabor-ated Shape	Tubes, Lips and Lobes	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Standards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-cushions and Tufts	Rosettes, Buttons and Pompons
Flower Elabor-ated Shape
Bedding Plant Use	Bedding Out	Filling In	Screen-ing	Pots and Troughs	Window Boxes	Hanging Baskets	Spring Bedding
Bedding Plant Use	Summer Bedding	Winter Bedding		There are more Bedding Plants in Bedding Pages of Infill Plants Index Gallery like Bedding for Chalky Soil and Bedding for Clay Soil

BULB USE AND FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
BULB FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple	Stars with Single Flowers	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels

Flower Shape - Simple	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salverform

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts and Petal-less Cluster

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons with Double Flowers	Pompoms	Stars with Semi-Double Flowers

Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays (Group)	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Sphere, Dome (Clusters), Drumstick and Plate
Bulb Use	Indoor Bulbs flowering in December January February	Bulbs in Window-boxes	Bulbs natural-ised in grass

EVERGREEN PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES

Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple	Stars	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels

Flower Shape - Simple	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salverform

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons	Pompoms

Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Spheres, Domes and Plates

HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES

Number of Flower Petals	Petal-less	1	2	3	4	5	Above 5

Flower Shape - Simple	Stars	Bowls	Cups and Saucers	Globes	Goblets and Chalices	Trumpets	Funnels

Flower Shape - Simple	Bells	Thimbles	Urns	Salverform

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Tubes, Lips and Straps	Slippers, Spurs and Lockets	Hats, Hoods and Helmets	Stan-dards, Wings and Keels	Discs and Florets	Pin-Cushions	Tufts

Flower Shape - Elabor-ated	Cushion	Umbel	Buttons	Pompoms

Natural Arrange-ments	Bunches, Posies and Sprays	Columns, Spikes and Spires	Whorls, Tiers and Cande-labra	Plumes and Tails	Chains and Tassels	Clouds, Garlands and Cascades	Spheres, Domes and Plates

ROSE USE AND FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES
Flower Colour	Other Colours	Orange	Pink	Red	White	Yellow	2 or More Colours Page 1	2 or More Colours Page 2	Prod-uces Hips
Rose Use	Bedding Page 1 Page 2	Climber / Pillar	Cut-Flower Page 1 Page 2	Exhibition , Speciman	Ground-Cover	Grow in a Container Page 1 Page 2	Hedge Page 1 Page 2	Climber in Tree	Woodl-and
	Edging Borders	Tolerant of Poor Soil Page 1 Page 2		Tolerant of Shade	Back of Border		Adjacent to Water	On North-Facing Wall
	Page for rose use as ARCH ROSE, PERGOLA ROSE, COASTAL CONDITIONS ROSE, WALL ROSE, STANDARD ROSE, COVERING BANKS or THORNLESS ROSES. FRAGRANT ROSES Page 1 and FRAGRANT ROSES Page 2 - The roses inserted into each page are described as Moderately Fragrant or Very Fragrant in the relevant Rose Plant Description Page. NOT FRAGRANT ROSES - The roses inserted into this page are described as Slightly Fragrant or No Fragrance or nothing mentioned about fragrance in the relevant Rose Plant Description Page.
Rose Bloom Shape	High Centred	Cupped	Flat	Globular	Pompon	Rosette	Click on CENTRE of thumbnail to change to Plant Description Page of the Rose Plant named in the text below that photo where its text border is Cyan, Green or Pink. The Comments Row of that Rose Plant Description Page details where that Rose Plant is available from.
Rose Petal Count	Single: Only Single Roses can be pollinated by Bees 1-7 Petals	Semi-double: 8-15 Petals	Double Page 1 Page 2: 16-25 Petals	Full: 26-40 Petals	Very Full: 40+ Petals
Rose Plant Height from Text Border (1 inch = 2.5 cms, 12 inches = 1 foot = 30 cms, 24 inches = 2 feet)				Blue = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms) Cyan = 0-24 inches (0-60 cms)		Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms) Green=24-72 inches (60-180 cms)		Red = 72+ inches (180+ cms) Pink = 72+ inches (180+ cms)
Rose Plant Soil Moisture from Text Background				Wet Soil		Moist Soil		Dry Soil

WILDFLOWER PLANT USE AND FLOWER SHAPE GALLERY PAGES

Lists of:-
Edible Plant Parts.
Flower Legend.
Food for
Butterfly/Moth.

INDEX LINK TO WILDFLOWER PLANT DESCRIPTION PAGE
a-h
i-p
q-z

BUTTERFLY
Butterfly
Usage of Plants
by Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly

Egg, Caterpillar, Chrysalis and Butterfly usage of
Plant A-C
Plant C-M
Plant N-W
Butterfly usage of Plant

Habitat Lists:-
Approaching the
Coast (Coastal).
Broad-leaved
Woods.
Grassland - Acid, Neutral, Chalk.
Heaths and Moors.
Hedgerows and Verges.
Lakes, Canals and Rivers.
Marshes, Fens,
Bogs.
Old Buildings and Walls.
Pinewoods.
River Banks and
other Freshwater Margins.
Saltmarshes.
Sandy Shores and Dunes.
Shingle Beaches, Rocks and
Cliff Tops.
Other.

Number of Petals List:-
Without Petals. Other plants
without flowers.
1 Petal or
Composite of
many 1 Petal Flowers as Disc
or Ray Floret .
2 Petals.
3 Petals.
4 Petals.
5 Petals.
6 Petals.
Over 6 Petals.

FLOWER COLOUR
(o)Blue
(o)Brown
(o)Cream
(o)Green
(o)Mauve
(o)Multi-Coloured
Orange
(o)Pink 1
(o)Pink 2
(o)Purple
(o)Red
(o)White1
(o)White2
(o)White3
(o)Yelow1
(o)Yelow2
(o)Shrub or Small Tree

Lists of:-
Pollinator.
Poisonous Parts.
Scented Flower, Foliage, Root.
Story of their Common Names.
Use

Non-Flowering Plants
Use for Non-Flowering Plants

HABITAT TABLES
Flowers in
Acid Soil
Flowers in
Chalk Soil
Flowers in
Marine Soil
Flowers in
Neutral Soil
Ferns
Grasses
Rushes
Sedges

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from the UK in this gallery try using search in RHS Find a Plant (Peter Reason of boundarynursery.co.uk sells plants, etc, to use for a small raised alpine rock garden bed).

To locate plants in the European Union (EU) try using Search Term in Gardens4You and Meilland Richardier in France.

To locate mail-order nursery for plants from America in this gallery try using search in Plant Lust.

To locate plant information in Australia try using Plant Finder in Gardening Australia.

The following details come from Cactus Art:-

"A flower is the the complex sexual reproductive structure of Angiosperms, typically consisting of an axis bearing perianth parts, androecium (male) and gynoecium (female).

Bisexual flower show four distinctive parts arranged in rings inside each other which are technically modified leaves: Sepal, petal, stamen & pistil. This flower is referred to as complete (with all four parts) and perfect (with "male" stamens and "female" pistil). The ovary ripens into a fruit and the ovules inside develop into seeds.

Incomplete flowers are lacking one or more of the four main parts. Imperfect (unisexual) flowers contain a pistil or stamens, but not both. The colourful parts of a flower and its scent attract pollinators and guide them to the nectary, usually at the base of the flower tube.

partsofaflowersmallest

Androecium (male Parts or stamens)
It is made up of the filament and anther, it is the pollen producing part of the plant. Anther This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen.  Filament This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of. Pollen This is the dust-like male reproductive cell of flowering plants.

Gynoecium (female Parts or carpels or pistil)  It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of one to many rolled leaflike structures.
Stigma
This is the part of the pistil which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate.  Style
This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of ovary.  Ovary
The part of the plant that contains the ovules.  Ovule
The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds.   Petal  The colorful, often bright part of the flower (corolla).  Sepal  The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud (calix).  (Undifferentiated "Perianth segment" that are not clearly differentiated into sepals and petals, take the names of tepals.)"

The following details come from Nectary Genomics:-

"NECTAR. Many flowering plants attract potential pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. The primary solutes found in most nectars are varying ratios of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can range from as little a 8% (w/w) in some species to as high as 80% in others. This abundance of simple sugars has resulted in the general perception that nectar consists of little more than sugar-water; however, numerous studies indicate that it is actually a complex mixture of components. Additional compounds found in a variety of nectars include other sugars, all 20 standard amino acids, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, vitamins, organic acids, oils, free fatty acids, metal ions and proteins.

NECTARIES. An organ known as the floral nectary is responsible for producing the complex mixture of compounds found in nectar. Nectaries can occur in different areas of flowers, and often take on diverse forms in different species, even to the point of being used for taxonomic purposes. Nectaries undergo remarkable morphological and metabolic changes during the course of floral development. For example, it is known that pre-secretory nectaries in a number of species accumulate large amounts of starch, which is followed by a rapid degradation of amyloplast granules just prior to anthesis and nectar secretion. These sugars presumably serve as a source of nectar carbohydrate.

WHY STUDY NECTAR? Nearly one-third of all worldwide crops are dependent on animals to achieve efficient pollination. In addition, U.S. pollinator-dependent crops have been estimated to have an annual value of up to $15 billion. Many crop species are largely self-incompatible (not self-fertile) and almost entirely on animal pollinators to achieve full fecundity; poor pollinator visitation has been reported to reduce yields of certain species by up to 50%."

The following details about DOUBLE FLOWERS comes from Wikipedia:-

"Double-flowered" describes varieties of flowers with extra petals, often containing flowers within flowers. The double-flowered trait is often noted alongside the scientific name with the abbreviation fl. pl. (flore pleno, a Latin ablative form meaning "with full flower"). The first abnormality to be documented in flowers, double flowers are popular varieties of many commercial flower types, including roses, camellias and carnations. In some double-flowered varieties all of the reproductive organs are converted to petals — as a result, they are sexually sterile and must be propagated through cuttings. Many double-flowered plants have little wildlife value as access to the nectaries is typically blocked by the mutation.

There is further photographic, diagramatic and text about Double Flowers from an education department - dept.ca.uky.edu - in the University of Kentucky in America.

"Meet the plant hunter obsessed with double-flowering blooms" - an article from The Telegraph.

Copied from

Ivydene Gardens Companion Planting: Companion Plant : Pest Control

Control of Pests/Disease by Companion Planting

Centipedes, which have one pair of legs to every body segment, are useful because they live on decaying garden material, not growing plants.

The Mole (Talpa europaea) eats their own body weight of earthworms and beetle-grubs under lawns and slugs, snails, birds, lizards, frogs and snakes above ground, but not plants. The mole can starve to death in several hours without food at any time of the year. The chief pairing season is at the end of March and beginning of April, and the young are born about 6 weeks later. Newborn female moles will mate the following spring and the cycle begins anew. They excavate 2 different types of tunnel:-

Those near the surface are for hunting and use during mild weather, which show as a ridge just under the lawn.
the other dug 7" deep are the main highways to connect nests to feeding grounds and are used exclusively during temperature extremes. it is these deeper tunnels that result in mole hills as the worker pushes up excavated soil.

Moles prefer loose, moist loam and avoid dry, sandy, or heavy clay soils in which they can dig up to 200 feet of tunnel every day, so they are too extensive to fumigate. Moles do not eat the roots and bulbs of flowers and vegetables. Its sense of smell and hearing are very acute. On the average, one acre of land will support about two or three moles at one time. But areas next to large tracts or forested areas may be subject to continual invasions by moles because such areas may support many moles.

Attack methods:-

Planting mole plant (Euphorbia lathyrus) or castor-oil plants may repell them.
Drenching the soil of fresh digs with a castor-oil mixture makes them uninhabitable. Mix two parts castor oil with one part liquid detergent and stir until foamy. Dilute 2 tablespoons of this in a gallon of water and use to saturate the soil inside and around the mound. This coats the animals' food source (grub and mole cricket) and causes stomach disruptions in the animal. However, it may take up to three weeks for this to meet its maximum effectiveness level. The targeted animals must make the association between feeding in a particular area and the stomach disruptions. One application will last for one month against moles, voles and other burrowing animals, when applied as directed.
Trapping is the most effective control. See www.hygienesuppliesdirect.com for some traps.

See useful data for non-plant control of cats and rodents.

Useful booklists on growing conditions and pest control after this table

Climate Zone -

Scottish Highlands and Northern Japan is Zone 7,

Most of British Isles, Central Ireland with parts of Japan, Australia and China are Zone 8

and the Mediterranean area is Zone 9

Plant

Climate Zone

Repels

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Ant

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)

7-10

Ant

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

3-10

Ant

Lavender (Lavandula)

5-10

Ant

Mint (Mentha). Fresh or dried mint in the pantry to deter house ants.

3-7

Ant

Oak leaf smoke (Quercus robur)

3-10

Ant

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) Sprays either fresh or dried, placed on larder shelves deter ants.

7-9

Ant

Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

3-7

Ant

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Ant

Southernwood or Lad's Love (Artemesia abrotanum). Sprays either fresh or dried, placed on larder shelves deter ants.

4-10

Ant

Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

3-7

Ant

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Sprays either fresh or dried, placed on larder shelves deter ants.

4-9

Ant

Anise or Aniseed (Pimpenella anisum)

4-8

Aphid

Annual Delphinium (Consolida ambigua)

9-11

Aphid

Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)

7-11

Aphid

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Aphid

Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)

5-10

Aphid

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

6-9

Aphid

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

8-10

Aphid

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

5-10

Aphid

Garlic (Allium sativum). Pick young leaves of Garlic, Nettle (Urtica dioica), Basil (Ocimum
basilicum) or Wormwood (Artemesia
absinthium) into a pan, cover with water, bring it to the boil, boil for 2 minutes, then remove from heat and strain water into a measuring jug. Dilute 1 volume of 'tea' to 4 of cold water and spray affected plants at once.

8-10

Aphid.

Ladybirds prefer to eat up to 400 aphids per week.

Damsel-fly catch aphids and dispose of insect larvae.

Lavender (Lavandula)

5-10

Aphid

Milkweed (Asclepias)

Aphid

Nasturtium (Trapaeolum majus). Grow border of orange nasturtiums round plants to be protected.

9-11

Aphid

Oak leaf smoke (Quercus robur)

3-10

Aphid

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Aphid

Southernwood or Lad's Love (Artemesia abrotanum)

4-10

Aphid

Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

3-7

Aphid

Spindle tree (Euonymus europeus) - this tree is the host to the Black Bean Fly

3-9

Aphid

Spurrey (Spergula arvensis)

Aphid

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)

3-9

Aphid

Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis)

5-9

Aphid

Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)

5-10

Apple tree scab

Marigold (Calendula officinalis)

6-10

Aspagus beetle

Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)

6-11

Bean beetle

Summer savory (Satureja hortensis)

5-9

Bean beetle

Petunia

9-11

Beetle

Mint (Mentha)

3-7

Black Flea beetle

Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)

5-10

Black spot

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)

3-9

Blackfly

Summer savory (Satureja hortensis)

5-9

Blackfly

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Blackfly beetle

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Borer

Tree Onion (Allium cepa)

5-10

Borer

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Butterfly

Celery (Apium graveolens dulce)

5-8

Cabbage butterfly

Mint (Mentha)

3-7

Cabbage White Butterfly

Common Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Cabbage moth

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

3-10

Cabbage moth

Southernwood or Lad's Love (Artemesia abrotanum)

4-10

Cabbage moth

Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)

6-11

Cabbage moths

French Marigold (Tagetes patula)

11-12

Cabbage pests

Clover (Trifolium repens)

4-10

Cabbage root fly

Anise or Aniseed (Pimpenella anisum)

4-8

Cabbage worm

Common Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Cabbage worm

Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

7-10

Cabbage worm

Nasturtium (Trapaeolum majus)

9-11

Cabbage worm

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Cabbage worm

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Cabbage worm

Allium

8-10

Carrot fly

Common Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Carrot fly

Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)

6-11

Carrot fly

Tree Onion (Allium cepa)

5-10

Carrot fly

Viper's grass (Scorzonera hispanica)

Carrot fly

Wild Leek (Allium ampeloprasum)

6-9

Carrot fly

Common Rue (Ruta graveolens)

5-9

Cat

Hyssop (Hysoppus officinalis), Sage (Salvia officinalis) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Plant mixture round edge of vegetable area.

3-10

Caterpillar

Spurrey (Spergula arvensis)

Caterpillar

Celeriac (Apium graveolens rapaceum)

5-8

Caterpillars in brassicas

Celery (Apium graveolens dulce)

5-8

Caterpillars in cabbages

Mint (Mentha). Sachets of dried mint in the wardrobe.

3-7

Clothes Moth

Chinaberry or Indian lilac (Melia azedarach)

8-12

Cockroach (Blatella)

Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)

8-11

Colorado beetle

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Colorado beetle

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

6-9

Colorado beetle

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

3-10

Colorado beetle

Eggplant or Aubergine (Solanum melongena)

9-12

Colorado beetle

Horse-radish (Armoracia rusticana)

5-9

Colorado beetle

Nasturtium (Trapaeolum majus)

9-11

Colorado beetle

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Colorado beetle

Thorn Apple (Datura stramontium)

7-11

Colorado beetle

Tree Onion (Allium cepa)

5-10

Colorado beetle

Bean (Phaseolus)

8-10

Corn armyworms

Soybean (Glycine max)

7-8

Corn borer

Soybean (Glycine max)

7-8

Corn earworm

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

4-8

Corn wireworms

Lavender cotton or Gray Santolina (Santolina chamaecyparissus)

7-10

Corn wireworms

African Marigold (Tagetes minuta)

Couch Grass

Radish (Raphanus sativus)

6-9

Cucumber beetle

Sweetcorn (Zea mays)

8-10

Cucumber beetle

Elder (Sambucus ebulus)

5-10

Cutworm

Oak leaf mulch (Quercus robur)

3-10

Cutworm

Oak Tanbark (Lithocarpus densiflorus)

7-9

Cutworm

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Cutworm

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Darkling beetle

Castor beans (Ricinus communis) and Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

9-12
4-9

Deer

Fennel (Foeniculum officinalis) planted alongside dog kennels and sprays inside the kennel

5-10

Dog Fleas

French Marigold (Tagetes patula)

11-12

Eelworm

Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus grandiflorus )

6-10

Field Mouse

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Flea beetle

Common Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

6-11

Flea beetle

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

3-10

Flea beetle

Radish (Raphanus sativus)

6-9

Flea beetle

Celery (Apium graveolens dulce)

5-8

Flea beetle in cabbages

Anise or Aniseed (Pimpenella anisum)

4-8

Fleas

Amur Corktree (Phellodendron amurense)

3-9

Fly

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

10-12

Fly

Common Rue (Ruta graveolens)

5-9

Fly

Hazelnut (Corylus avallana)

4-8

Fly

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Flying insect

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare),
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and
Southernwood (Artemesia abrotanum)

4-9
10-12
4-10

Fruit Fly of Peach and Apricot trees

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Fruit Tree Borers

Southernwood or Lad's Love (Artemesia abrotanum)

4-10

Fruit Tree Moth

Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)

5-10

Fungus

Squill (Scilla bifolia)

4-8

Gopher (Geomyidae)

Chinaberry or Indian lilac (Melia azedarach)

8-12

Grasshopper

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)

7-10

Greenfly from lettuces

African Marigold (Tagetas minuta)

Ground Elder

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris lactiflora)

3-10

Growth retardant for nearby plants

Oak leaf mulch (Quercus robur)

3-10

Grub

Oak Tanbark (Lithocarpus densiflorus)

7-9

Grub

Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)

7-11

Harlequin bug

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Houseflies

Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) or Eau-de-cologne Mint (Mentha) in pots by the house-entrance doors and the barbeque area

4-9
10-12
3-7

Houseflies

Tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolate)

3-9

Insect

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

3-10

Insect larvae

Annual Delphinium (Consolida ambigua)

9-11

Japanese beetle

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Japanese beetle

Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)

5-10

Japanese beetle

Common Rue (Ruta graveolens)

5-9

Japanese beetle

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Japanese beetle

French Marigold (Tagetes patula)

11-12

Japanese beetle

Red Buckeye (Aesculus pavia)

Japanese beetle

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Japanese beetle

Thorn Apple (Datura stramontium)

7-11

Japanese beetle

White Geranium (Geranium versicolor)

6-9

Japanese beetle

White rose (Rosa alba semi-plena)

4-10

Japanese beetle

Zinnia

9-11

Japanese beetle

Borage (Borage officinalis)

5-10

Japanese beetle and pests of Brassicas

Cranesbill (Geranium)

6-9

Leafhopper

Petunia

9-11

Leafhopper

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris lactiflora)

3-10

Lice

Chinaberry or Indian lilac (Melia azedarach)

8-12

Locust

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

4-8

Lygus bugs

Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)

6-11

Malaria mosquito

Southernwood or Lad's Love (Artemesia abrotanum)

4-10

Malaria mosquito

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Malaria mosquito

French Marigold (Tagetes patula)

11-12

Mexican bean beetle

Petunia

9-11

Mexican bean beetle

Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

7-11

Mexican bean beetle

Winter Savory (Satureja montana)

4-8

Mexican bean beetle

Caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris)

6-10

Mice

Daffodil or Daffy Down Dilly (Narcissus)

5-10

Mice

Daffodil or Daffy Down Dilly (Narcissus)

5-10

Mice

Elder (Sambucus ebulus)

5-10

Mice

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Mice

Grape hyacinth (Muscari aucheri)

6-9

Mice

Mint (Mentha)

3-7

Mice

Spurge (Euphorbia lactea)
Sow in late autumn for best effect

8-11

Mice

Squill (Scilla bifolia)

4-8

Mice

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Mice

Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)

5-10

Mite

Tree Onion (Allium cepa)

5-10

Mite

Allium

8-10

Mole

Caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris)

6-10

Mole

Elder (Sambucus ebulus). Put twigs into molehill or make into a liquid and pour it onto the molehill.

5-10

Mole

Spurge (Euphorbia lactea) Sow in late autumn for best effect

8-11

Mole

Striped Squill (Puschkinia scilloides)

4-6

Mole

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

10-12

Mosquito

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Mosquito

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)

7-9

Mosquito

Sassafras albidum

5-9

Mosquito

Artemesia family

4-10

Moth

Clover (Trifolium repens)

4-10

Moth

Common Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)

5-10

Moth

Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium)

4-9

Moth

Lavender cotton or Gray Santolina (Santolina chamaecyparissus)

7-10

Moth

Oil of cade (Juniperus oxycedrus)

5-9

Moth

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Moth

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Moth

Asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius)

4-8

Nematode

Chrysanthemum or Persian Insect Flower (Chrysanthemum coccineum)

5-9

Nematode

Dahlia

9-11

Nematode

Marigold (Calendula officinalis)

6-10

Nematode

French Marigold (Tagetes patula)

11-12

Nematode

White Mustard (Sinapis alba)

7-11

Nematode

Rattle-box (Crotalaria spectabilis) ‚Äì poisonous to livestock

9-11

Nematode

Rye (Secale cereale)

Nematode

Scarlet Sage (Salvia coccinea)

9-12

Nematode

Carrot (Daucus carota)

3-9

Onion Fly

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Onion Fly

Peanut, Groundnut or Monkey Nut (Arachis hypogaea)

8-12

Ostrinia furnacalis

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)

7-9

Plant lice

Sassafras albidum

5-9

Plant lice

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)

3-9

Plant lice

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Plum curculio

Eggplant or Aubergine (Solanum melongena)

9-12

Potato beetle

Eggplant or Aubergine (Solanum melongena)

9-12

Potato bug

Flax (Linum)

Potato bug

Petunia

9-11

Potato bug

White Dead Nettle (Lamium maculatum album)

4-10

Potato bug

Horse-radish (Armoracia rusticana)

5-9

Potato bug

Allium. Plant at corners of plot.

8-10

Rabbit

Dusty Miller or Sea Ragwort (Senecio cineraria).
Prevent them getting into your garden by enclosing it with a fence of 18-gauge, 31mm hexagonal wire mesh netting at least 3 feet wide. Fold the bottom 1 foot outwards i foot underground to deter rabbits from digging under it. Fill 1 foot wide and deep trench with earth and make wire fence 5 feet high.

7-10

Rabbit

Tree Onion (Allium cepa)

5-10

Rabbit

Caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris)

6-10

Rat

Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

3-7

Rat

Spurge (Euphorbia lactea)
Sow in late autumn for best effect

8-11

Rat

Radish (Raphanus sativus)

6-9

Root fly

Common Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Root maggots

Spurrey (Spergula arvensis)

Root worm

Cranesbill (Geranium)

6-9

Rose chafer

Petunia

9-11

Rose chafer

Tree Onion (Allium cepa)

5-10

Rose chafer

Tree Onion (Allium cepa)

5-10

Rust

Oak leaf mulch (Quercus robur)

3-10

Slug. Persuade a hedgehog or toad to live in your garden so that they eat the slugs. See further info at end of this table.

Oak Tanbark (Lithocarpus densiflorus)

7-9

Slug

Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)

6-11

Slug

White hellebore (Helleborus niger)

3-9

Slug

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Slug

Borage (Borago officinalis)

5-10

Snail

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)

7-10

Snail

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

3-10

Snail

Rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis)

6-11

Snail

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Snail

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). Lay flat round affected plants as sheet mulch. Snails discouraged by its stinging hairs

3-9

Snail

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

7-10

Snail

White hellebore (Helleborus niger)

3-9

Snail

Wormwood (Artemesia absinthum and Artemesia frigida)

4-10

Snail

Lavender cotton or Gray Santolina (Santolina chamaecyparissus)

7-10

Southern rootworm

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

8-10

Spider mite

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Spider mite

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Squash bug

Nasturtium (Trapaeolum majus)

9-11

Squash bug

Petunia

9-11

Squash bug

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Squash bug

Radish (Raphanus sativus)

6-9

Squash insects

Egyptian potato (Allium cepa) with conifers. When planting bulbs in pots, put a 1" deep layer of horticultural grit to the surface of the compost. You can do the same when planting bulbs in the ground, or cover them with chicken wire hidden under a layer of soil.
Use squirrel-proof bird feeders to stop squirrels eating bird food.
Use a homemade cage of chicken wire to prevent squirrels eating your fruit or crops.

5-10

Squirrel

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea)

8-11

Striped cucumber beetle

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Striped cucumber beetle

Nasturtium (Trapaeolum majus)

9-11

Striped pumpkin beetle

Chinaberry or Indian lilac (Melia azedarach)

8-12

Termite

Oak leaf smoke (Quercus robur)

3-10

Termite

Annual Delphinium (Consolida ambigua)

9-11

Thrips

Common Sage (Salvia officinalis)

5-10

Ticks

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

10-12

Tomato hornworm

Borage (Borage officinalis)

5-10

Tomato hornworm

Marigold (Calendula officinalis)

6-10

Tomato hornworm

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

8-10

Tomato worm

Radish (Raphanus sativus)

6-9

Vine borer

Elder (Sambucus ebulus)

5-10

Vole

Bay (Laurus nobilis). Bay leaves stored with wheat, rye, beans, or oats repel weevils.

8-11

Weevil

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

3-10

Weevil

Garlic (Allium sativum)

8-10

Weevil

Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

3-7

White Cabbage butterfly

Mint (Mentha)

3-7

White Cabbage Moth

Apple-Of-Peru or Shoofly (Nicandra physalodes)

8-11

White fly

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

10-12

White Fly

Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

7-10

White fly

French Marigold (Tagetes patula)

11-12

White fly

Nasturtium (Trapaeolum majus)

9-11

White fly

Oak leaf smoke (Quercus robur)

3-10

White fly in greenhouses

Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense)

9-12

Willamette mites on vines

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)

Wireworm

White mustard (Brassica campestris)

9-11

Wireworm

Woad (Isatis tinctoria)

6-8

Wireworm

Nasturtium (Trapaeolum majus)

9-11

Woolly aphid

Carrot (Daucus carota)

3-9

Worms in goats

Mulberry leaves (Morus indica)

4-6

Worms in horses

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

4-9

Worms -Tansy leaves for worms in horses

The following Container Gardening for Wildlife is from Appendix 1 of The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- "It is quite possible to entice wildlife into even the most unpromising paved areas by utilising containers. Several mini-habitats can be created by growing a carefully selected range of trees, shrubs and flowers in pots, tubs, window boxes and hanging baskets. If the space is enclosed by walls or high fences, it is important to let the passing wildlife know that this area is a source of food and shelter. Aim to add height and greenery with a small native tree grown in a good-sized wooden barrel and add 1 or 2 berry-bearing shrubs. Clothe the walls in climbers for nesting birds and introduce nectar-rich flowers for the insects. Finally, put up a nesting box amongst the climbers and find a place for a feeding table in winter and a bird bath in the summer. Despite the lack of grass and full-size trees, a surprising range of creatures will begin to inhabit this new garden.	DON'T FORGET HERBS Herbs are amongst the most useful wildlife plants, including borage, mint, chives and rosemary, and are ideally suited to container growing. Do allow them to flower though, even at the expense of a continuous supply of leaves for cooking. FOUR-SEASON WINDOW BOX Try planting a window box with the following selection of evergreens, perennials, bulbs and bedding plants, for an all-the-year-round display. WINTER Ivy, hellebores, snowdrops SPRING Ivy, yellow crocus and grape hyacinths SUMMER Ivy, white alyssum and dwarf lavender AUTUMN Ivy, meadow saffron. APPENDIX 2 has a Traditional Wildlife Garden Plan and a Garden Plan for Urban Wildlife.	STEP-BY-STEP CONTAINER PLANTING Make sure the container has adequate drainage holes and that they are free of obstruction. Put a layer of broken clay pots or crockery over the base of the container. Half-fill with a multi-purpose potting compost. Place the plants in position and fill around the root ball with more compost. Press down firmly. Water well and add more compost if necessary, to bring the level up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the rim of the container. Use the self-watering containers and potting mix detailed in the Vegetable Gallery Site Map Page rather the the pots or multi-purpose potting compost detailed above. Provide an outside water tap and watering can, so that you can irrigate the pots without traipsing the can through the house. NOTE To boost the wildlife habitat in a concrete yard, make a pile of logs in one corner. As the wood begins to break down, it will house beetles, spiders and slugs - great food for birds. The cool, damp habitat may be secluded enough to offer daytime cover to a toad, or possibly frogs and newts from a nearby pond.	RECOMMENDED PLANTS TREES Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia 'Fastigiata') Dwarf form (120 inches (300 cms)). Flowers for insects and berries for birds. Willow (Salix caprea 'Pendula') Weeping form (120 inches (300 cms)). Catkins for insects, young leaves for caterpillars. SHRUBS Buddleia davidii (120 inches (300 cms)) Nectar from flowers for butterflies. Cotoneaster 'Hybridus Pendulus' (120 inches (300 cms)) Berries and flowers. Hawthorn (Craaegus monogyna) (180 inches (500 cms)) can be pruned hard to keep it within bounds. Secure nesting sites for birds. Berries and flowers. Holly (Ilex aquifolium) (to 180 inches (500 cms)) a male and female bush are needed to be sure of berries. Nesting cover for birds. Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) Scented and attracts bees, flowers. --->	CLIMBERS Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) Summer wall and fence cover. Has nectar and flowers. Ivy (Hedera helix) All-year-round wall and fence cover. Has nectar and flowers. FLOWERS FOR NECTAR Alyssum Candytuft (Iberis) Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus). Nicotiana Night-scented stock (Matthiola bicornis). Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). PLAN OF A SMALL ENCLOSED PATIO WITH CONTAINERS Exit doorway on left with window on its left and window box outside window. Group of pots between door and window. Another group of pots in corner after window with one of the pots containing a tree. A wall basket between that corner and the corner on the right where a barrel with ivy is growing up the wall. A bench is half-way down to the bottom right corner with its pot group and a pile of logs. A bird table is half-way across to the bottom left corner with its large pot." - Use a 4 inch (10 cm) plastic pipe through the wall to allow non-flying creatures access from the public area outside to your garden area.
The following Growing Marsh Plants in Containers is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- Where space is limited, or simply as an alternative to conventional patio plants, it is possible to grow moisture-loving species in pots and tubs. The container needs to retain water - a terracotta pot which has a porouus structure would not be suitable, but a glazed ceramic pot would work well. Plastic pots can also be used - like the self-watering containers detailed in the Vegetable Gallery Site Map Page. Choose a pot at least 12 (30) deep and 16 (40) across. The best way to ensure the compost stays wet is to stand the whole pot in a substantial tray of water, so that the marsh can draw up moisture as it is needed (there is a water reservoir in the self-watering pots detailed above). Ordinary plant saucers will not hold enough water, and something deeper like a large kitchen roasting tin, which may not look so elegant, will do the job more effectively. Spring is an ideal time to plant moisture-loving plants. Fill the container with a loam-based potting compost, insert the plants and water until soaked. Choose plants that won't outgrow the limited space too quickly. Include a selection of tall-growing species like purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), sweet flag (Acorus calamus) and ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) alongside smaller plants like bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and x-lips (Primula elatior). Avoid lady's smock (Cardamine pratensis) and water mint (Mentha aquatica) which can spread too quickly. Keep the water in the base tray topped up, using rainwater collected in a water butt where possible. Keeping the tray full of water is particularly important in long, hot, dry spells, although in spring and autumn the naturall rainfall will probably be adequate. Cut back the foliage in the autumn to prevent the pots becoming choked with decaying material. Repot the plants every 2 or 3 years when they start to outgrow their containers. In the second year after planting, the plants may have used up the nutrients in the compost and will need an extra boost from a slow-release fertiliser.	MOISTURE-LOVING NATIVE PLANTS Plant / Use of Plant	Height	Flower Colour	Flowering Time
	Bog Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) / Moths	10 (25)	White	Mid-Summer
	Globe Flower (Trollius europaeus /	24 (60)	Yellow	Early Summer
	Oxlip (Primula elatior) / Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant	6 (15)	Pale Yellow	Late spring
	Primrose (Primula vulgaris) / Butterfly nectar plant	4 (10)	Pale Yellow	Mid-spring
	Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) / Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant	36 (90)	Pink-purple	Summer
	Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) / Butterfly nectar plant	24 (60)	Pink	Summer
	Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) /	24 (60)	Green	Mid-summer
	Bog Arum (Calla palustris) / Naturalised in places in Britain	6 (15)	Yellow-green	Summer
	Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum) / Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant	48 (120)	Reddish-pink	Late summer
	Lady's Smock (Cardamine pratensis) / Attractive to Hoverflies, Caterpillar food plant, Butterfly nectar plant	9 (23)	Pale pink	Spring
	Marsh Betony (Stachys palustris) / Bee plant	12 (30)	Purple	Summer
	Marsh Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris) /	9 (23)	Dark red	Summer
	Marsh St John's Wort (Hypericum elodes) /	6 (15)	Pale yellow	Summer
	Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) /	36 (90)	Creamy-white	Summer
The following Planning a Herb Bed or Garden is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- TOP HERBS FOR WILDLIFE Although there are a huge number of culinary and medicinal herbs which can be grown, not all are relevant to wildlife. The herbs in the fourth column describe the best herbs for attracting garden wildlife. PREPARING THE SITE The best location for a herb bed is one which gets a lot of sun and where the soil is already well drained. Most herbs dislike getting waterlogged roots and can tolerate almost drought conditions - in fact, those like rosemary and marjoram with Mediterranean ancestry, improve in taste, scent and flower growth in a sunny location. If the soil is not ideal (heavy clay for instance), it is possible to add some coarse grit to aid drainage. However, it might be smpler and more productive to grow the herbs in pots - like the self-watering containers detailed in the Vegetable Gallery Site Map Page, putting in a good layer of gravel before adding the compost. The ground should be dug thoroughly, removing any weeds --->	and large stones. Lay brick paths, edging tiles or wooden dividers before planting the herbs. HERBS FOR LESS-THAN-IDEAL CONDITIONS Although most herbs prefer a sunny position in a well-drained soil, there are some which will tolerate shade and a heavier soil. The resulting plants may not do as well but there is no need to give up the idea of growing herbs altogether and the wildlife will still find them useful. Mint (Mentha) can tolerate shade although it does tend to grow towards the light and become crooked and leggy. Tansy (Tanecetum vulgare) is an excellent native plant for butterflies and it is not too fussy about growing conditions. Lovage (Levisticum officinale), a relative of the fennel, is also worth growing for its young leaves which add a celery flavour to soups and stews. It will grow quite adequately in a dark, damp spot and the flowers produced, although not as abundant as they should be, will provide nectar for hoverflies, wasps and bees. Comfrey (Symphytum x uplandicum) should be included purely for its leaves which are a reliable food source for moth and butterfly caterpillars. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is another strong grower in less than ideal conditions. Its white or pale yellow flowers rely on bees for their pollination. --->	Garden chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) is an annual herb, greatly prized for the flavour of its parsley-like leaves. It will tolerate some shade, but prefers a well-drained soil. Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) is a tall native herb that prefers a damp habitat and a heavy clay soil. The tiny crimson flowers appear from mid-summer to early autumn. Angelica (Angelica archangelica), originally from central Europe, is widely naturalised in Britain. It will do well in a shady spot in damp soil and has huge seedheads in early autumn. PLANTING AND MAINTENANCE CALENDAR Late Summer - prepare site Autumn - Plant shrubs and pot-grown perennials Spring - Sow seeds of annuals Late Spring - Sow seeds of biennials Summer - Keep beds free of weeds; water container plants. Adas Colour Atlas of Weed Seedlings by J.B Williams and J.R. Morrison provides photos to the 40 most common weeds afflicting gardens and arable farm land. ISBN 0-7234-0929-3 Instead of snipping off the flowers as they appear, leave a few plants of parsley, mint, marjoram and lemon balm to flower naturally. Many more insects will visit the plants and consequently the herb garden will be a richer feeding ground for birds.	TOP HERBS FOR WILDLIFE Herb - Angelica (Angelica archangelica) Type - Biennial wildflower value - Flowers - hoverflies, bees. Leaves - butterflies, caterpillars. Seedheads - greenfinches, bluetits Borage (borago officinalis) Annual Flowers - bees Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) Perennial Flowers - bees, butterflies Comfrey (Symphytum uplandicum) Perennial Leaves - moths, butterflies Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare0 Perennial Flowers - bees, wasps, hoverflies Leaves - caterpillars Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) Perennial Flowers - lacewings, bees Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Shrub Flowers - bees, butterflies Marjoram (Origanum vulgare) Perennial Flowers - bees, butterflies Mint (Mentha - all types) Perennial Flowers - bees, butterflies, moths Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Shrub Flowers - bees, butterflies, hoverflies Thyme (Thymus - all types) Perennial / shrub Flowers - bees, butterflies	The following Recommended Bulbs is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- RECOMMENDED BULBS Name - Bluebell (Scilla non-scripta) Use of plant - Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant Site - Hedgerows, woodland Depth of soil above the bulb - 2 (5) Crocus (Purple) (Crocus tomasinianus) Butterfly nectar plant Lawns, borders, under deciduous trees. 3 (8) Crocus (Yellow) (Crocus chrysanthus) Butterfly nectar plant Lawns, borders, under deciduous trees. 3(8) Grape Hyacinth (Muscari neglectum) Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant. Lawns, borders. 3 (8) Ramsons Garlic (Allium ursinum) Butterfly nectar plant. 3 (8) Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) Under deciduous trees, shady borders. 2 (5) Wild Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) Bee plant. Lawns, banks. 3 (8) Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis) Under deciduous trees, shady borders. 2 (5)
The following Incorporating Wildfflowers into an existing lawn is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- INCORPORATING WILDFLOWERS INTO AN EXISTING LAWN There are basically 2 ways of doing this, both of which can be implemented in early autumn. The first involves sowing seed, the second planting pot-grown plants. Whichever method is chosen, the best results will be obtained with a lawn that is already patchy and weak in growth. The lush green grass of a well-fed lawn is likely to swamp any wildflowers that are introduced. SOWING WILDFLOWER SEED INTO AN EXISTING LAWN Begin by giving the lawn a thorough raking with a metal rake to remove moss, dead grass and leaves. Water thoroughly and sow the seed at the manufacturer's recommended rate. ADDING POT-GROWN WILDFLOWERS TO AN EXISTING LAWN After the last cut of the season is a good time to put in pot-grown wildflowers. More and more nurseries are stocking wildflowers in pots, but remember to choose species which will suit your intended regime of meadow maintenance. Place the plants in groups, with individual plants 8-16 (20-40) apart. Remove a plug of earth the same size as the pot, using a bulb planter or trowel. Knock the plants from their pots and place them in the holes, firming down the soil and watering well afterwards.	TYPICAL MEADOW MIXTURE 20% Flowering native perennials (as below) 40% Crested dog-tail (native grass) 30% Fescue (non-native grass) 10% Bent (lawn grass) SPRING-FLOWERING MEADOW PERENNIALS Bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) Cowslip (Primula veris) Lady's bedstraw (Galium verum) Meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris) SUMMER-FLOWERING MEADOW PERENNIALS Betony (stachys officinalis) Bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) Field scabious (Knautia arvensis) Greater Knapweed (Centaurea scabiosa) Meadow cranesbill (Geranium pratense) Musk mallow (Malva moschata) Ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) Rough hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus) Selfheal (Prunella vulgaris) Lindum Turf sell wildflower Mats for your new wildflower lawn instead of part of your old lawn as well as Lindum's Wildflower Mat on Lindum's extensive green roof substrate for use as a Wildflower Green Roof or could be used to create a wildflower lawn on a back garden, whose ground is currently covered in concrete, tarmac, brick or stone.	The following Establishing a 'No Go' Area is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- It is important to nominate a part of the garden as a 'no-go' area for humans, which can be left deliberately untidy. Usually this is some spot well away from the house and preferably shielded by shrubs or trees, but it might equally be behind a garden shed or garage. THE WOODPILE Old untreated timber or unwanted logs can be piled up to provide shelter for a range of creatures. Choose a shady spot to prevent the wood from drying out in the sun. If possible, use a mixture of native woods such as elm, oak or ash which will guarantee a wider range of insect species. Logs 6-9 (15-23) in diameter make a good pile. The first wildlife to inhabit the pile will probably be fungi in the early autumn, but in time it will become home to spiders, beetles, wood wasps, solitary bees, slugs and snails. These will then attract bird predators, particularly wrens and blackbirds, who will pick over the pile in search of a meal. The insects will also provide food for wood mice, voles and hedgehogs. First-year newts, after leaving the pond, may well spend large amounts of time in the damp shelter of a log pile. ---->	GROWING NETTLES FOR BUTTERFLIES Stinging nettles are the caterpillar food plants for commas, peacocks, red admirals, and small tortoiseshells who all rely on nettle leaves and shoots for their survival. If there is an existing nettle patch, this may need to be contained with a fence, wall or path. Better still, clumps of nettles can be transferred to large tubs or barrels sunk into the ground to prevent the roots from encroaching into the garden proper. As the emerging caterpillars prefer fresh, new leaves to feed on, it is a good idea to cut back half the patch in early or mid-summer to encourage new growth. This is particularly important for commas and small tortoiseshells who regularly have 2 broods a year - the first in the spring, the second in mid-summer. The adults will seek out the new shoots to lay their eggs. Nettles can be introduced into the garden if they are not growing naturally. In late winter, dig up some roots about 4 (10) long which are bearing yound shoots. Bury the roots in pots of garden soil and keep cutting back the shoots to 3 (7.5). By late spring the new plants can be put out into the untidy area. The life-cycle of many butterflies extends over much of the year, so if you can put the plants that are used in its 4 stages in that untidy area, then it is more likely that you will see the butterfly, since YOU WILL NEVER BE TIDYING UP THAT NO-GO AREA. ---->	LEAF PILES AND HEDGEHOG HABITATS if hedgehogs are to take up residence in the garden, they need a dry, secure place for hibernation from late autumn to early spring. A pile of dead leaves or garden prunings heaped into a corner will often be acceptable, but it is also possible to contruct a hibernation 'box'. Use an upturned wooden box (untreated wood) and cut an entrance out of one of the side panels, 4-5 (10-12) square. This is large enough to allow the hedgehog to enter but small enough to prevent dogs or foxes getting in. A covered entrance tunnel can also be constructed using 2 rows of house bricks stood on their sides and a plank of wood. This helps to keep the interior of the box dry, but is not essential. Cover the box with a sheet of polythene to keep out the rain, and a mound of dry leaves or brushwood to disguise the exterior. Add a handful of straw or dry leaves as bedding. HABITAT BOOSTERS Asheet of corrugated iron does not look very attractive, but if you happen to have one lying around, it is worth keeping. As the sun warms the metal, the 'tunnels' beneath become inviting resting quarters for slow worms and grass snakes. Equally, an old paving slab laid over a hollow in the ground and in a shady spot makes a damp hiding place for frogs and toads.
The following Planting in Gravel and Paving is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- Many plants enjoy the dry growing conditions and refected warmth of gravel, stone chippings or paving. It is relatively easy to incorporate native species into existing paving schemes or to lay areas of gravel. MAKING A GRAVEL BED The underlying soil should be well-drained and gritty. If it is too heavy, mix it with equal parts of rock chippings or gravel. If the ground area is concrete/ tarmac/ stone/ paver or brick, cover the area with a layer of equal parts of top dressing and stone chippings to a 2 (5cm) depth, before continuing as below. Cover the area with a layer of sand 1 (2.5) deep. Finish the bed with a 1 (2.5) layer of gravel or 0.25 (0.5) stone chippings. Water plants well before removing them from their pots. Use a narrow trowel to make holes the same size as the root ball and firm them in gently. Water new plants thoroughly and sprinkle more gravel over the surface if necessary	PLANTING IN PAVING If new paths or patios are to be laid, it is worth considering leaving some gaps between the paving stones as planting pockets. If the stones are already laid, it is still possible to incorporate a wide range of species. The simplest way is to take up some of the stones, perhaps create a chequeboard effect. This is better done in a random pattern, rather than taking out every other stone. The earth beneath the stones shuld be workable and weed-free. Dig out the earth to a depth of 6-9 (15-23) and mix with an equal quantity of gravel or stone chippings. Replace the soil mixture and plant in the normal way. Brick paths or patios can be planted in the same way. Take out any bricks that are already damaged or crumbling and fill the gaps as above.	PLANTS FOR PAVING AND GRAVEL The following plants will thrive in a shallow, well-drained soil in full sun and will self-seed easily: Broom (Cytisus scoparius) Native or naturalised species, Bee plant Common Toadflax Native or naturalised species, Bee plant Globe Thistle (Echinops sphaerocephalus) Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant Great Mullein (Verbascum phlomoides) Native or naturalised species, Large number of associated insects Hawkweed (Hieracium murorum) Native or naturalised species Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum) Native or naturalised species Maiden Pink (Dianthus deltoides) Native or naturalised species Thyme (Thymus species) Especially the native Thymus praecox Bee plant Trailing St John's Wort (Hypericum humifusum) Native or naturalised species White Campion (Silene latifolia) Native or naturalised species Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Native or naturalised species	The following Constructing a Rock Bank is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- If the garden has no manmade rock garden or natural outcrops of rock for planting, it is possible to make a rock bank to provide a useful wildlife habitat. This is a simple construction and far less costly than a full-scale rock garden. Stack the stones randomly to form a double-sided wall to the desired height and length. Between each layer of stones, add a mixture of stone chippings or gravel and loam potting compost (this makes a good growing medium for rock plants, but if not available any poor, stony garden soil can be substituted). There are better soil mixtures detailed for many rock garden plants in Colour Wheel Rock Gallery. Leave some gaps between the stones without any soil, to allow access to the interior for small mammals and creatures. Lay more stones or rocks across the top of the structure to form a 'lid'. The planting pockets can be planted with any of the rock or wall plants listed in the next column and the column below it.	RECOMMENDED PLANTS FOR ROCK BANKS AND GARDENS Plant - Cheddar Pink (Dianthus gratiano-poliatanus) Flower - Early Summer Height - 8 (20) Wildlife value - Moths, butterflies Common Pink (Dianthus plumarius) Summer 8 (20) Bees Hairy Thyme (Thymus praecox) Summe 3-4 (8-10) Bees Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) Late summer 12 (30) Bees Hebe 'Autumn Glory' Autumn 24-36 x 24-36 (60-90 x 60-90) Butterflies Hebe 'Carl Teschner' Summer 12 x 24-36 (30 x 60-90) Hoverflies, bees Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum) Summer 12 (30) Bees Ling (Heather) (Calluna vulgaris) Late summer 12-24 x (30-60 x ) Ground cover for birds, grass snakes and slow worms Purple Saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia) Summer 3 (8) Butterflies, bees Rock Rose Bees, insects Spring Gentian Butterflies, bees
The following Planting a Native Hedge is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- Different types of hedges were planted for different purposes: a double hedge would mark an important boundary whilst a hedge designed to contain livestock would be particularly impenetrable at the base. Almost incidentally they became shelters and pathways for wildlife, harbouring birds, mammals and insects. In the garden, a hedge of native species can serve both as a wildlife provider and as an effective division between neighbouring plots. CHOOSING THE SPECIES The use of only 1 species in a hedge as a wildlife corridor is limited. A mixed hedge provides a much wider resource and a greater number of animal and flower species will soon become associated with it. A balanced hedge might include a large proportion of one of the mainstay species such as hawthorn, which forms a dense, thorny structure, as well as blossoms and berries. This may be interspersed with 4 or 5 other species which flower and fruit at different times, and should include at least 1 evergreen to provide shelter in winter.	TREES/SHRUBS SUITABLE FOR HEDGING Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) Deciduous, fruit Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Slow-growing, deciduous, autumn colour Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) Deciduous, blossom, fruit Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) Deciduous, blossom, fruit Dog Rose (Rosa canina) Deciduous, blossom, hips Elm (Ulmus procera) Deciduous Field Maple (Acer campestre) Deciduous, autumn colour Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) Deciduous, blossom, berries Hazel (Corylus avellana) Deciduous, catkins, nuts Holly (Ilex aquifolium) Slow-growing, evergreen, berries Wild Privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) Quick-growing, evergreen Yew (Taxus baccata) Slow-growing, evergreen	HOW TO PLANT A HEDGE Choose two-year-old seedlings, which are large enough to handle, but should not need staking. Mark out the length of the hedge with canes and string. It does not have to be a straight line, a curving hedge works just as well. Dig a trench in front of the line, 24 (60) wide and 18 (45) deep, running the entire length of the proposed hedge. Remove weed roots and large stones whilst digging. Add a layer of organic matter (garden compost or well-rotted manure) and mix with the loose soil at the bottom of the trench. Set the plants, 12-18 (30-45) apart and at the same depth as they were in the nursery (shown by the soil mark on the stem), adding more soil to the bottom of the trench, if necessary, to ensure the plant will sit at the right depth. Holding the plant upright, fill around the roots with loose soil, until it reaches the soil mark, firming it down well. IMMEDIATE AFTERCARE Water the new plants thoroughly, making sure the water soaks down around the roots. Cut back the top and side growths by at least one third - this will encourage side branching and bushy growth.	WILDLIFE USES FOR HEDGING Caterpillars of brimstone butterflies feed on alder buckthorn. Blackthorn, hawthorn, hazel and privet provide nectar for many species of butterfly. Thrushes, dunnocks, garden warblers and finches use the hedgerow for nesting Hedgehogs, voles and woodmice shelter and feed in the hedge bottom. Hawthorn, blackthorn and holly provide berries for birds in winter "THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A FLAILED CORNISH HEDGE - This details that life and death from July 1972 to 2019, with the following result:- "Of the original 186 flowering species (including sub-species), the 5 colour forms and the 8 unconfirmed species, (193 flowering species in total) only 55 have persisted throughout the 35 years of flailing since 1972. Of these 55 species:- 3 species are unchanged. 11 species have disastrously increased. 41 species are seriously reduced in number, most by over 90%. Of these, 18 are now increasing under the somewhat lighter flailing regime. 13 are still decreasing, and 35 have only a few specimens (from 1-12 plants) left. Of the rest of the original species:- 37 species and 3 colour forms have disappeared, then reappeared after varying lengths of time. Of these, 20 have fewer than 6 plants, most of them only 1 or 2, and are liable to disappear again. Only 6 of the recovered species look capable of surviving in the longer term. 23 species have reappeared, then disappeared again due to being flailed before they could set seed or to being overcome by rank weeds." further details in Butterfly Gallery.	FLOWERING WALL PLANTS Small-leaved Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster microphyllus) Fruit / berries / nuts for birds / mammals Hoary Cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea) Butterfly nectar plant, Bee plant Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) Large number of associated insects Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) Butterfly nectar plant, Bee plant London Pride (Saxifraga x urbinum) Butterfly nectar plant Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber) Native or naturalised species Round-leaved Cranesbill (Geranium rotundifolium) Native or naturalised species Stonecrops Biting stonecrop (sedum acre) White stonecrop (Sedum album) Butterfly nectar plants Wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri) Butterfly nectar plant Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) Bee plant Arabis (Arabis albida) Bee plant, Butterfly nectar plant. Yellow Corydalis (Corydalis lutea)
The following Planting a Native Hedge is from The Wildlife Garden Month-by-Month by Jackie Bennett. Published by David & Charles in 1993. ISBN 0 7153 0033 4 :- MAINTENANCE Each spring, whilst the hedge is still forming, prune the top and side shoots by one third. Do not leave the central stem to grow to the desired height of the hedge before cutting back. Regular pruning will ensure that by the time the hedge does reach its final height, it will have developed a strong, dense framework It is a good idea to apply a mulch of garden compost, leaf mould or chopped bark around the plants each spring (if you have trees growing besides the public road on its verge, then in the autumn when its leaves fall to the ground below, you can use your rotary mower to mow them up and put them as a mulch in the the hedge bottom.). This will discourage weeds (which may strangle the young hedge) and form a good environment for hedgerow plants and microscopic creatures. Adas Colour Atlas of Weed Seedlings by J.B Williams and J.R. Morrison provides photos to the 40 most common weeds afflicting gardens and arable farm land. ISBN 0-7234-0929-3	CLIPPING The main difference between conventional hedge care and those managed for wildlife is in the clipping. Wildlife hedges should never be clipped before nesting is completely finished; usually it is safe to do so in late summer or early autumn, but in doubt, leave until the winter. WILDLIFE TO EXPECT Blackbirds, thrushes, dunnocks, sparrows, greenfinches and bullfinches all prefer the dense, protected growth of a hedge to any other nesting site. They will be joined in the summer, by shy, ground-feeding wrens, who search the leaf litter beneath the hedge for spiders and other insects. Many other garden birds like tits and robins will use the hedge simply as a convenient perch, for picking off caterpillars from the leafy growth. The hedge foliage is a particularly good breeding ground for moths such as the privet hawkmoth, garden spiders who leave their mark in the shape of finely woven webs and the often heard, but rarely seen, bush cricket. At ground level, the wildlife residents are most likely to be hedgehogs, wood mice and bank voles, although toads and frogs often hide in the shelter of a hedge bottom. In time a native hedge will become a busy wildlife corridor offering shelter, food and a convenient route from one part of the garden to another	HEDGEROW FLOWERS Although the soil at the base of the hedge may be poor, a surprising number of wildflowers seem to thrive here. The orientation of the hedge will determine which flowers may be grown. South-facing hedges receive a good deal of sun whilst north faces may be in almost complete shade. Choose a selection of plants to suit the position of your hedge. Most of the hedgerow flowers tolerate a dry, poor soil, but 1 or 2 such as primroses and lesser celandines need to be kept moist. Unless the hedge is by a stream or pool, it is unlikely that their needs will be met; they would be happier in a damp ditch or marshy area. Pot-grown plants can be planted out any time from spring to autumn. In the first 2 years of the hedge's growth, avoid putting in the taller plants, such as sweet cicely, which may compete with the new hedging. It is also advisable to wait until the hedge is well-established (5 years or more) before putting in hedgerow climbers, like traveller's joy (Clematis vitalba). Its scrambling habit is ideal for dense, well-grown hedges, but it can easily strangle younger plants. It is best to use small, healthy plants for the hedge bottom and not seedlings, whose roots may not be sufficiently developed to cope with the poor soil. Insert the new plants with a trowel and water thoroughly. Water regularly for the first 2 weeks - particularly if there is a hot, dry spell.	RECOMMENDED NATIVE HEDGEROW FLOWERS Plant - Betony (Stachys officinalis) Type - Perennial Position -Sun or shade Soil - Any Wildlife value - bees, butterflies Bluebell (Scilla non-scripta) Bulb Sun or shade Any Bees, butterflies Common Dog Violet (Viola riviana) Perennial Part shade Any Caterpillar food plant for fritillary butterflies Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Biennial Part shade Any Caterpillar food for orange tips, tortoiseshells and whites butterflies Greater Stitchwort (Stellaria holostea) Perennial Part shade Any Bees, moths, butterflies Hedge Wounwort (Stachys sylvatica) Perennial Part shade Any Bees, butterflies Hedgerow Cranesbill (Geranium pyrenaicum) Perennial Part shade Any Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria) Perennial Part shade Damp Bees, butterflies	Primrose (Primula vulgaris) Perennial Sun or shade Damp Butterflies (whites) Red Campion (Silene Dioca) Perennial Sun or shade Any Butterflies Selfheal (Prunella vulgaris) Perennial Sun or shade Any Bees, butterflies Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) Perennial Sun or shade Any Bees White Deadnettle (Lamium maculatum album) Perennial Sun or shade Any Bees